Khóa luận Ảnh hưởng của các loại hỗn hợp đất vùng rễ cỏ lên sinh trưởng của hai giống cỏ tifdwarf và Tifeagle tại sân golf Thủ Đức, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
Tài liệu Khóa luận Ảnh hưởng của các loại hỗn hợp đất vùng rễ cỏ lên sinh trưởng của hai giống cỏ tifdwarf và Tifeagle tại sân golf Thủ Đức, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: %Ӝ*,ẩ2'Ө&9ơĈơ27Ҥ2 75ѬӠ1*ĈҤ,+Ӑ&1é1*/ặ073+Ӗ&+ậ0,1+ .+ẽ$/8Ұ17Ӕ71*+,ӊ3 Ҧ1++ѬӢ1*&Ӫ$&ẩ&/2Ҥ,+Ӛ1+Ӧ3ĈҨ79ễ1*5ӈ&Ӓ /ầ16,1+75ѬӢ1*&Ӫ$+$,*,Ӕ1*&Ӓ7,)':$5)9ơ 7,)($*/(7Ҥ,6ặ1*2/)7+ӪĈӬ&73+Ӗ&+ậ0,1+ +ӑYjWrQVLQKYLờn: 1JX\ӉQ9ăQ3KX 1JjQK 1{QJKӑF Niờn khúa: 2007 ± 2011 Thỏng 08/2011 i %Ӝ*,ẩ2'Ө&9ơĈơ27Ҥ2 75ѬӠ1*ĈҤ,+Ӑ&1é1*/ặ073+Ӗ&+ậ0,1+ .+2$1é1*+Ӑ& Ҧ1++ѬӢ1*&Ӫ$&ẩ&/2Ҥ,+Ӛ1+Ӧ3ĈҨ79ễ1*5ӈ&Ӓ /ầ16,1+75ѬӢ1*&Ӫ$+$,*,Ӕ1*&Ӓ7,)':$5)VÀ 7,)($*/(7Ҥ,6ặ1*2/)7+ӪĈӬ&73+Ӗ&+ậ0,1+ 1*8<ӈ19Ă13+8 .KyDOXұQÿѭӧFÿӋWUuQKÿӇKRjQWKjQK\rXFҫXFҩSEҵQJ NӻVѭQ{QJQJKLӋSQJjQKQ{QJKӑF *LҧQJYLrQKѭӟQJGүQ 761*éĈҴ1*3+21* 73+ӗ&Kt0LQK Thỏng 8/2011 ii /Ӡ,&Ҧ0Ѫ1 QuDWKӡLJLDQEӕQWKiQJWKӵFWұSWҥL6kQ*ROI7KӫĈӭF7S+ӗ&Kt0LQKW{L ÿmQәOӵFKӑFWұSYjOjPYLӋFQJKLrPW~FWURQJTXiWUuQKOjPÿӅWjLӣÿk\7{L[LQJӣL OӡLFҧPѫQVkXVҳFYjFKkQWKjQKÿӃQ - %DQJLiPKLӋXWUѭ...
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1.2 0өFÿtFKYjêQJKƭDÿӅWjL
0өFÿtFK
7KӵFKLӋQWKtQJKLӋPQKҵPPөFÿtFK
- &KӑQUDJLӕQJFӓFyVLQKWUѭӣQJWӕW
- &KӑQUDKӛQKӧSÿҩWWKtFKKӧSFKRYQJUӉFӓ
- ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQVLQKWUѭӣQJFӓ
éQJKƭDÿӅWjL
9LӋFKӛ WUӧQJKLrQFӭXFiFTX\WUuQKNӻWKXұWӣFiFEѭӟFQj\ÿӅXTXDQWUӑQJÿӇ
OjPFѫVӣYӳQJFKҳFFKR6kQ*ROITXҧQOêVkQEmLOjPYLӋFWӕWKѫQWURQJWuQKKuQKVkQ
EmLOkXÿӡLYjFҫQWLӃWNLӋPFKLSKt
1.3 *LӟLKҥQÿӅWjL
&iF\ӃXWӕYӅOêWtQK FӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWҧQK hѭӣQJ rҩW lӟQ ÿӃQ khҧ năng giӳ nѭӟF,
dinh dѭӥQJÿӝQpQFKһW FӫDÿҩW FNJQJQKѭ VLQK WUѭӣQJ FӫD Fӓ. Do ÿy cҫQ ÿiQK giá
trong thӡL gian dài. 7X\QKLrQWKӡLJLDQFKӍJLӟLKҥQWURQJWKiQJ.
3
&KѭѫQJ
7Ә1*48$17¬,/,ӊ8
2.1 *LӟLWKLӋXYӅ golf
2.1.1/ӏFKVӱP{QJROI
Theo $LQGUHDV'1JX\ӉQ QJXӗQJӕFEҳWÿҫXP{QJROIYүQFKѭDU}UjQJ
ÿDQJOj YҩQÿӅWUDQKOXұQFӫDFiFQKjQJKLrQFӭXOӏFKVӱWKӇWKDR7KHRPӝWVӕVӱ
JLDWURQJP{QSDJDQLFDFӫDQJѭӡL5RPDQQJѭӡLFKѫL VӱGөQJPӝWFk\Jұ\FRQJÿӇ
ÿiQKPӝWTXҧEyQJGDQKӗL/êWKX\ӃWQj\FKRUҵQJSDJDQLFDODQNKҳS&KkXÆXNKL
QJѭӡL/D0mFKLQKSKөc WURQJJLDLÿRҥQWKӃNӹWKӭQKҩWWUѭӟF&{QJQJX\rQYjFXӕL
FQJSKiWWULӇQWKjQKFiFWUzFKѫLKLӋQÿҥL1KӳQJVӱJLDNKiFOҥLFKRUҵQJP{QJROI
KLӋQQD\SKiW WULӇQ WӯP{QFKXLZDQ ³FKXL´ FyQJKƭD ³ÿiQK´³ZDQ´QJKƭD Oj ³TXҧ
EyQJQKӓ´ PӝW WUzFKѫL7UXQJ 4XӕFFKѫL JLӳD WKӃNӹ9,,,. Ӣ9LӋW1DPFNJQJFy
PӝWWUzFKѫLGkQJLDQPDQJWtQKFKҩWWѭѫQJWӵOjP{Q³ĈiQKSKӃW´YӅVDXWUzQj\WUӣ
thàQKPӝWP{QWKӇWKDRSKәELӃQWURQJFiFQJj\WӃWQJj\KӝL7ѭѫQJWUX\ӅQWӯWKӡL
+DL%j7UѭQJ WUzÿiQKSKӃWÿmÿѭӧF WәFKӭFÿӇUqQ OX\ӋQ WKӇ OӵFYjPѭX WUtFKR
TXkQ Vƭ Tuy nhiên, WKHR Vӕ ÿ{QJ QKj QJKLrQ FӭX P{Q JROI Fy WKӇ [XҩW SKiW Wӯ
,FHODQGOjWUzFKѫLFӫDQKӳQJQJѭӡLFKăQFӯXQJj\[ѭD7URQJNKLODFӯXÿLăQKӑ
GQJFk\Jұ\FyPӝWÿҫXWRÿӇÿiQKYLrQVӓLWUzQÿL[DYjKӑWKLYӟLQKDX[HPDL
ÿiQKÿL[DQKҩWYjFKtQK[iFQKҩW
1ăP&/%JROIOҫQÿҫXWLrQWUrQWKӃJLӟLÿѭӧFWKjQKOұS± &/%JROIFӫD
FiFTXt{QJ7KH*HQWOHPHQW*ROIHURI/HLWK YӅVDX&/%Qj\ÿәLWrQWKjQK+LӋSKӝL
JROIGDQKGӵ(GLQEXUJK WKH+RQRXUDEOH&RPSDQ\RI(GLQEXUJK*ROIHU 6ӵNLӋQÿy
ÿѭӧFQӕL WLӃSEҵQJYLӋF WKjQK OұS+LӋSKӝLJROIPDQJ WrQ7KiQK$QGUHZV YjRQăP
6W$QGUHZV6RFLHW\RI*ROIHU 1JX\rQWҳFWtQKÿLӇPÿѭӧFÿѭDUDYjRQăP
4
YjÿӃQQăPVkQJROIOӛEҳWÿҫXWUӣWKjQKPүXVkQJROIWLrXFKXҭQ9jWӟLQăP
JLӟLÿjQ{QJPҩWWKӃ³ÿӝFTX\ӅQ´NKL&/%FiFWD\JROIQӳÿѭӧFWKjQKOұS
0ӝWVӕTX\FKXҭQYӅ golf
0ӝWVkQJROIFiF OӛJROI OLrQ WLӃSQKDX WURQJÿyPӛLEDRJӗPFiFYӏ WUtSKiW
EyQJ WHH ER[ ÿѭӡQJ ÿiQK IDLUZD\ YQJ JҥW EyQJ JUHHQ FiF FKѭӟQJ QJҥL YұW
KD]DUG YjYQJÿӋPFҧQKTXDQ[XQJTXDQK7ҩWFҧÿӅXÿѭӧFWKLӃWNӃFKRPӝWWUұQ
ÿҩXWURQJVkQJROI&ѫVӕQKӓQKҩWFӫDPӝWVkQJROIOj ÿѭӡQJJROIEDRJӗPÿѭӡQJ
QJҳQ SDU ÿѭӡQJWUXQJEuQK SDU YjÿѭӡQJGjL SDU . 6ӕÿѭӡQJÿiQK KROH
ӣPӝWVkQJROIWLrXFKXҭQOj
.K{QJFyKDL VkQ JROIQjRÿѭӧF WKLӃW NӃ JLӕQJQKDXÿӏDKuQKFӫD FK~QJ OX{Q OX{Q
NKiFQKDX0ӑLVkQJROIÿӅXFyPӝWÿLӇPFKXҭQ SDU FӝQJGӗQFKRVӕÿѭӡQJÿiQKÿy
YjWәQJVӕF~ÿiQKPjPӝWFҫXWKӫJLӓLQKҩWFҫQWKӵFKLӋQÿӇÿѭDEyQJWӟLFiFOӛJROI
ĈӇWtQKÿѭӧFVӕÿLӇPFKXҭQFӝQJGӗQFӫDPӝWVkQJROIPӛLÿѭӡQJÿiQKÿѭӧFJLDR
PӝWÿLӇPFKXҭQW\WKXӝFYjRFKLӅXGjLFӫDÿѭӡQJEyQJÿy&yEDÿLӇPFKXҭQNKiF
QKDXSDUOjÿѭӡQJÿiQKFyFKLӅXGjLFKRÿӃQPPӝWÿѭӡQJÿiQKSDUFyFKLӅX
GjLWӯPÿӃQPYjÿѭӡQJÿiQKSDUFyFKLӅXGjLWUrQP
2.1.3 7KjQKSKҫQ FKtQKFӫD sân golf
0ӝWÿѭӡQJÿiQKEDRJӗPSKҫQÿҩW QҵPJLӳDNKXSKiWEyQJ WHHLQJJURXQG và khu
OӛJROI SXWWLing green). .KRҧQJFiFKJLӳDNKXSKiWEyQJYjNKXOӛJROIOjKjQKODQJ
IDLUZD\ NKXFӓFDR URXJK FiFKӕFiW EXQNHUV QѭӟFYjFiFFKѭӟQJQJҥLYұWNKiF
GRNLӃQ WU~FVѭTX\ӃWÿӏQK&KLӅXGjLFӫDVkQKRjQ WRjQNK{QJEҳWEXӝFQKѭQJ WKHR
TX\ѭӟFFӫD USGA WKuFKLӅXGjLWӯYӏWUtSKiWEyQJWtQKWKHRWLPÿѭӡQJIDLUZD\WӟL
WUXQJWkPJUHHQWKѭӡQJ:
¾ ĈӕLYӟLQDPJLӟL
o 3DU 'jLÿӃQ\DUGV
o 3DU 7ӯ\DUGVÿӃQ\DUGV
o 3DU 7ӯ\DUGVÿӃQ \DUGV
o 3DU Wӯ \DUGVWUӣÿL
¾ ĈӕLYӟLSKөQӳ:
o Par 3: Dài ÿӃQ\DUGV
o 3DU 7ӯ\DUGVÿӃQ\DUGV
5
o 3DU 7ӯ\DUGVÿӃQ\DUGV
o 3DU 7ӯ\DUGVWUӣÿL
2.1.3.1 Green
Green (putting green) OjQѫLPjPӑLJLiPÿӕFEҧRGѭӥQJVkQEmLJӑLOj³WUiLWLP
FӫDVkQJROI´7UrQJUHHQFyGX\QKҩW QKѭQJSXWWLQJJUHHQFó thӇFyQKLӅX PӝW Oӛ
ÿѭӡQJNtQK LQ OjPPөF WLrXFKRFiFJROI WKӫÿiQKEyQJYjRYjÿѭӧFÿiQKGҩX
EҵQJFӡ.K{QJFyJUHHQQjRJLӕQJQKDXYjJUHHQFyWKӇWKD\ÿәLKuQKGҥQJWURQJTXi
WUuQKEҧRGѭӥQJ+uQKGiQJJUHHQSKәELӃQQKҩWOjKuQKEҫXGөFKRһFKuQKFKӳQKұW
&ӓWUrQJUHHQWKѭӡQJOjFiFJLӕQJFӓOiQKӓPӏQWKkQYjEҽOiUҩWQJҳQQKѭ7LI*UHHQ
EHUPXGD JUDVV 6HD ,VOH 3DVSDOXP JUDVV %HQWJUDVV« Fy FKLӅX FDR WKѭӡQJ
JLDRÿӝQJWӯPP± 4,2 PP%DRTXDQKJUHHQOjPӝWYjQKÿDLÿӋP FROODU .
&ROODU 9jQKÿDLÿӋPTXDQKJUHHQFyEӅUӝQJNK{QJQKҩWÿӏQKYjWKѭӡQJEҵQJ
2 - EӅUӝQJFӫDPi\FҳWFӓJUHHQ&ӓWUӗQJӣYjQKÿDLSKҧLFQJJLӕQJYӟLFӓWURQJ
JUHHQYuPөFÿtFKFӫDYjQKÿDL OjYQJÿӋPQJăQFKһQFӫDFӓIDLUZD\ WKѭӡQJPӑF
PҥQKKѫQFҳWFDR KѫQYjFKҩWOѭӧQJNpPKѫQ[kPQKұSOjPJLҧPFKҩWOѭӧQJYjWtQK
ÿӗQJQKҩWFӫDJUHHQ&KLӅXFDRFӓYQJQj\GDRÿӝQJ mm - 14 mm.
Hình 2.1 ³7UiLWLPFӫDVkQJROI´ *UHHQ
6
2.1.3.2 Tee
7HHER[OjYQJÿҩWÿѭӧFJLӟLKҥQOjPYӏWUtSKiWEyQJYjÿѭӧFÿһWӣÿҫXPӛL
ÿѭӡQJJROI+uQKGҥQJWHHER[WKѭӡQJKuQKYX{QJKRһFEҫXGөF7UrQOêWKX\ӃWEӅPһW
WHHER[SKҷQJWX\ӋWÿӕLÿӇWҥRÿLӅXNLӋQWӕWQKҩWFKRF~SKiWEyQJQKѭQJNKLWKLF{QJ
QJѭӡLWDWKѭӡQJÿiQKPiLGӕFYӅSKtDVDXQKҵPWăQJNKҧQăQJWKRiWQѭӟFFho tee.
7ӯWHHER[QJѭӡLFKѫLEҳWÿҫXSKiWEyQJ WHHVKRW ÿӇKRjQWKjQKWUұQÿҩXFӫDPuQK
7K{QJ WKѭӡQJ Yӏ WUt SKiWEyQJ WUrQ WHHER[ÿѭӧFJLӟLKҥQEҵQJKDLPӕF JӑL Oj ³WHH
PDUN´1JѭӡLFKѫLFKӍÿѭӧFSKpSÿһWEyQJPuQKWURQJJLӟLKҥQFӫDWHHPDUNQJѭӧF
YӅSKtDVDX&ӓWUӗQJӣWHHER[WKѭӡQJNKiFYӟLFӓӣJUHHQYjIDLUZD\FKLӅXFDRWUXQJ
bình 8 cm ± 12 cm
7K{QJWKѭӡQJPӛLÿѭӡQJJROIFyÿӃQWHHER[FyNKRҧQJFiFKÿӃQOӛJROI
NKiFQKDXÿjQKFKRFiFWUuQKÿӝWKӇOӵFNKiFQKDXYjSKkQELӋWEҵQJPjXQKҵPWҥR
PӝWWUұQ ÿҩXF{QJEҵQJYjQJDQJVӭF
9 7HHÿHQ
9 Tee vàng
9 7HH[DQKGѭѫQJ
9 7HHWUҳQJ
9 7HHÿӓ
2.1.3.3 Fairway
)DLUZD\OjYQJFӓÿѭӧFFKăPVyFWӕt YjFҳWÿӅX, QҵPJLӳDWHHER[YjJUHHQ7UrQ
ÿѭӡQJJROIQJҳQSDUFyWKӇNK{QJFҫQIDLUZD\YuÿtFKQJҳPFӫDQJѭӡLFKѫLOjJUHen.
1KѭQJӣQKӳQJÿѭӡQJJROIWUXQJEuQKSDUYjGjLSDUÿtFKQJҳPFӫDQJѭӡLFKѫL
OX{QOjQKӳQJYӏWUtEҵQJYjWKRiQJWUrQIDLUZD\OjQKӳQJQѫLFyÿLӅXNLӋQWӕWÿӇWKӵF
KLӋQF~ÿiQKWLӃSWKHRQKҵPKRjQWKjQK WUzFKѫL. Nói cách khác, faiUZD\OjNKXYӵF
EyQJUѫLOêWѭӣQJWURQJTXiWUuQKÿiQKEyQJWӯWHHER[OrQJUHHQ&NJQJQKѭÿDVӕFiF
KҥQJPөF WKLӃW NӃ NKiF WURQJ VkQ JROI IDLUZD\NK{QJFyTX\FKXҭQ7K{QJ WKѭӡQJ
IDLUZD\UӝQJWUXQJEuQKyards, dDRÿӝQJWӯ\DUGVÿӃQ 65 yard tùy theRÿӏDKuQK
iSFKӃNLӃQWU~FKRһFTX\P{VkQJROI&ӓӣÿk\WKѭDKѫQWK{KѫQFӓӣJUHHQYjWHH
ER[GRÿyÿӇFyÿѭӧFQKӳQJF~ÿiQKFyFҧPJLiFEyQJFҫQFӓFyFKLӅXFDROӟQKѫQ
Trung bình giDRÿӝQJWӯLQÿӃQLQ&KLӅXFDRFӓ SKөWKXӝFQKLӅXYjRJLӕQJFӓ
7
ÿLӅXNLӋQWKәQKѭӥQJNKtKұXQJkQViFK WUuQKÿӝEҧRGѭӥQJ YjJLҧLÿҩX \rXFҫXFӫD
EDQWәFKӭFYjQJѭӡLFKѫL
Hình 2.2 ĈѭӡQJOăQEyQJ IDLUZD\
2.1.3.4 Rough
/jNKXYӵFErQQJRjLIDLUZD\YӟLFӓGj\KѫQPӑFFDRKD\PӑFWӵQKLrQW\
WKXӝFYjR WKLӃWNӃYjFiFKEҧRGѭӥQJ
5RXJK ÿѭӧF WKLӃW NӃQKѭPӝW ORҥL FKѭӟQJQJҥL YұWQKҵPFҧQ WUӣQKӳQJQJѭӡL FKѫL
ÿiQKEyQJ NK{QJ YjRÿѭӧF IDLUZD\1KѭQJPӑL NKX YӵF NKiF WUrQ VkQ URXJKFNJQJ
NK{QJFyTX\ÿӏQKQKҩWÿӏQK&KLӅXFDRFӓURXJKFNJQJW\WKXӝFYjRQKӳQJÿLӅXNLӋQ
WѭѫQJWӵIDLUZD\&KLӅXUӝQJFӫDURXJKJҫQQKѭNK{QJJLӟLKҥQ&yORҥLURXJK:
9 /RҥLFҳW WKѭӡQJ[X\rQ PRZHG /RҥLQj\Eӕ WUt[XQJTXDQKIDLUZD\Eү\FiW
Eү\QѭӟFQKѭYQJWUXQJJLDQ. /RҥLWӵQKLrQ XQNHSW
9 /RҥLQj\WKѭӡQJOjFӓWӵQKLrQӣÿӏDSKѭѫQJPӑFQJRjLURXJKFҳWWKҩS5RXJK
Qj\ tW ÿѭӧF EҧR GѭӥQJ ÿӇ SKiW WULӇQ Wӵ QKLrQ Yj WKӵF Vӵ Jk\ NKy NKăQ FKR
QJѭӡLFKѫLQjRÿiQKEyQJYjRÿy.
2.1.3.5 Hazard
+D]DUGKLӇXPӝWFiFKÿѫQJLҧQOjYQJFKѭӟQJQJҥLYұWÿӕLYӟLQJѭӡLFKѫL. 9Ӆ
PһW Nӻ WKXұW WKLӃW NӃ VkQ JROI WKu KD]DUG FKӍ EDRJӗPKDL ORҥL &KѭӟQJQJҥLYұW FiW
EXQNHU YjFKѭӟQJQJҥLYұWQѭӟF ZDWHUKD]DUG :
8
- %XQNHU OjORҥLFKѭӟQJQJҥLYұWFyFӕW[k\GӵQJWKҩSKѫQVRYӟLÿѭӡQJÿiQKEóng.
7KHRÿӏQKQJKƭDFKtQKWKӭFEXQNHUOjNKXYӵFPjFӓYj ÿҩWPһWNKXYӵFҩ\ÿѭӧFEyF
VҥFKYj WKD\ WKӃEҵQJFiWKD\YұW OLrX WѭѫQJÿѭѫQJQKѭEӑWQ~L OӱD«W\ WKHRÿLӅX
NLӋQWӵQKLrQӣÿӏDSKѭѫQJ&NJQJQKѭWҩWFҧFiFWKjQKSKҫQNKiFFӫDPӝWÿѭӡQJÿiQK
EyQJEXQNHU NK{QJKӅ FyTX\ WҳFYjPӑLEXQNHUÿӅX NKiFQKDX YӅNtFK WKӭFKuQK
GҥQJÿӝVkX&K~QJFyWKӇQҵPӣEҩWFӭÿkXQKӳQJQѫLPjQKjWKLӃWNӃFҧPWKҩ\WKұW
VӵFҫQWKLӃWSKҧLFҧQWUӣQKӳQJF~ÿiQKOLӅXOƭQKQKҵPYѭӧWTXDPһWÿӕLWKӫFӫDQKӳQJ
QJѭӡL FKѫL NK{QJ FKX\rQ9t Gө 4XDQK JUHHQ JLӳD IDLUZD\ SKtD VDX QKӳQJ ÿRҥQ
QJRһW GRJOHJ QҩSWURQJURXJKYjWURQJQKӳQJYQJÿѭӧFWKLӃWNӃQKҵPWҥRUDѭXWKӃ
PҥRKLӇP ULVNUHZDUG .
Hình 2.3 &KѭӟQJQJҥLYұWKӕFiW EXQNHU
- Water hazard ÿyOjQKӳQJKӗFKӭDQѭӟFFNJQJOjQѫLWҥRFҧQKTXDQQKѭWUӗQJFk\
WKӫ\VLQKYzLSKXQQѭӟF
9
Hình 2.4 &KѭӟQJQJҥLYұWKӗQѭӟF ZDWHUKD]DUG
2.2 7әQJTXDQYӅKDLJLӕQJFӓ7LIGZDUIYj7LI(DJOH (Cynodon spp.)
Theo Brosnan và ctv (2008), Fӓ gà có tên WLӃQJ Anh là ³Bermuda grass´ ӣ Úc
JӑL là ³FRXFK JUDVV´ và có tên khoa KӑF là Cynodon spp., WUѭӟF QăP 1956 dòng WKXҫQ
C. dactylon là ORҥL Fӓ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ SKә ELӃQ cho WKҧP Fӓ vùng QKLӋW ÿӟL và FұQ QKLӋW
ÿӟL /RҥL Fӓ này ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ QKLӅX ӣ Trung 4XӕF ҨQ Ĉӝ Châu Phi, Úc (Duble,
2010), vùng sa PҥF phía Tây Nam và PӝW Vӕ vùng ӣ Ĉ{QJ Nam QѭӟF 0ӻ (Wenjing
pang và ctv., 2010). Loài này có QJXӗQ JӕF ӣ châu phi, WăQJ WUѭӣQJ FKұP PұW ÿӝ dày
và ÿһF ELӋW là FKӏX ÿѭӧF JLүP ÿҥS và stress khi khô KҥQ phát WULӇQ WӕW QKҩW khi có ánh
sáng PһW WUӡL ÿҫ\ ÿӫ (Trenholm và ctv., 1991). Ngoài ra, Vӱ GөQJ QѭӟF ít, FKӏX ÿѭӧF ӣ
NKRҧQJ pH UӝQJ có NKҧ QăQJ kháng ÿѭӧF PһQ cao ('DYLG 7X\QKLrQQKѭӧF
ÿLӇPOӟQFӫDGzQJWKXҫQOjFKӃÿӝEҧRGѭӥQJFDRNKҧQăQJNKiQJWKҩSFiFORҥLF{Q
WUQJEӋQKKҥLYjWX\ӃQWUQJNKiQJOҥQKYjFKHEyQJWKҩS 7UHQKROPYjFWv., 1991).
6DX WKұS QLrQ 7LIJUHHQ (GzQJ ODL JLӳD Cynodon dactylon và Cynodon
trasvaalensis) ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ SKә ELӃQ (Jason và Richard, 1999). Cynodon dactylon
FRPPRQ EHUPXGDJUDVV Fy WKӇ Wӭ EӝL Q = 4x = WURQJ NKL ÿy Cynodon
trasvaalensis FyQJXӗQ JӕFӣ FKkXSKL WӗQ WҥL WKӇ OѭӥQJEӝL Q = 2x = 9u WKӃ
GzQJODLÿѭӧFWDRUDFyWKӇWDPEӝL Q = 3x = 27). ĈһFWtQKFӫDGzQJODLQj\OjNK{QJ
VҧQ[XҩWUDKҥWJLӕQJPjSKҧLQKkQJLӕQJY{WtQK VSULJVVWRORQVYjVRGGLQJ ĈLӇP
WKXұQOӧLFӫDGzQJODLQj\OjFҧLWKLӋQÿѭӧFYӅFKҩWOѭӧQJPjXVҳFPұWÿӝFNJQJQKѭ
FKӕQJOҥLVWUHVVEӣLEӏJLүPÿҥSYjWKӡLWLӃWNK{KҥQ7KrPYjRÿyGzQJQj\FzQFKӏX
10
ÿѭӧFÿӝFDRFҳWFӓWKҩSKѫQLQFK7X\QKLrQÿLӇPNK{QJWӕWFӫDGzQJODLQj\OjFKL
SKtFDRWURQJWKLӃWOұSYjQKXFҫXEҧRGѭӥQJFDRKѫQ(Brosnen, 2008).
2.2.1 *LӕQJFӓ7LIGZDUI
7LIGZDUI Fy QJXӗQ JӕF Wӯ ÿӝW ELӃQ FӫD GzQJTifgreen Yj ÿѭӧF WLӃQ KjQK WKӱ
QJKLӋP ÿҫXWLrQYjRQăP ĈѭӧF SKiWKLӋQWӯKDLQJXӗQNKiFQKDXWDLPӝWWKӡL
ÿLӇPÿyOj T.M Baumgardner và Marion Mc .HQGUHHWҥL6HD,VODQGbang Georgia vào
QăP &NJQJWҥLWKӡLÿLӇPQj\YѭӡQѭѫP WKҧPFӓSKtDQDP Georgia FNJQJ EҳWÿҫX
bán Tifdwarf WӯPӝW QJXӗQkhác (&kXOҥFEӝTXӕFJLDGlen Alvin). 7LIGZDUIFNJQJOj
GzQJWDPEӝLWKӇQKѭ7LIWRQTifdwarf ÿmÿѭӧFWKӱQJKLӋP YjVRViQKYӟL Tifton
328 trong ba QăP ӣ 7UҥPWKtQJKLӋP Georgia và ÿmFKӭQJPLQK ÿһFÿLӇP YѭӧWWUӝLÿӇ
ÿѭDUD sân Fӓso YӟL Tifton 328 (Darren Moore, 2010). Tifdwarf FyPӝWVӕÿLӇPWѭѫQJ
WӵQKѭ Tifgreen Oi[DQKYӯDYjPӏQ, YӟLPұWÿӝ FKӗL cao YjWăQJWUѭӣQJ WKҩp. 0һFG
Tifgreen FyWKӇ VҧQ[XҩWKҥWJLӕQJ ÿӭQJÿҫX, WX\QKLrQYLӋFVҧQ[XҩWKҥWJLӕQJkhông
NKҧ WKL. Trong khi Tifgreen WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ trên sân golf Yj FiF OƭQK YӵF WKӇ
thaoQy WKѭӡQJÿzLKӓLQKLӅX TXҧQ Oê chuyên sâu KѫQ Tifway và GӉEӏ WX\ӃQ WUQJ
1JRjLFiFÿһFÿLӇPWUrQ7LIGZDUIFyPӝWVӕGLӇPNKiFYӟL7LIJUHHQÿyOj lá có màu
WӕLKѫQ và lóng QJҳQKѫQ. Dòng Qj\ÿѭӧFVӱGөQJ QKLӅX trên sân golf do có màu xanh
ÿұP, PұWÿӝ quay FDRNKҧ QăQJFKӏX FҳW WKҩS UҩWcao (<1/8 in). TX\QKLrQQKѭӧFÿLӇP
OjGӉEӏ WәQWKѭѫQJ do sâu YjGӃ %URVQDQ *OHQQ
2.2.2 *LӕQJFӓ TifEagle
7LI(DJOH ÿѭӧF EҳW ÿҫX QJKLrQ FӭX Wӯ QăP WҥLTifton EҵQJ FiFK WҥR ÿӝW
ELӃQ trong Tifdwarf và Tifgreen 328. TifEagle OjPӝW GzQJÿӝWELӃQÿѭӧFWҥRUDWӯTXi
WUuQKFKLӃX[ҥ ÿRҥQWKkQ VWRORQV Tifway II trong QăP 1990, WҥRWKӇWDPEӝL Q [
EҵQJFKLӃX[ҥ WLDJDPPDӣPӭFÿӃQ 9.000 radian WӯQJXӗQ cobalt - 60.
TifEagle ÿm ÿѭӧF KӧS WiF WҥR UDEӣL USDA - ARS YjĈҥLKӑF Georgia vào tháng 8
QăP (Darren Moore, 2010).
Ngoài tên TifEagle còn ÿѭӧF JӑL là ³7: - ´ ĈһF ÿLӇP FӫD dòng này là có lá
PӏQ màu xanh ÿұP và WӕF ÿӝ WăQJ sinh FKӗL cao. 'zQJQj\ÿѭӧFOӵDFKӑQÿӇWҥRVkQ
Fӓ FKҩW OѭӧQJ FDR NKL FKӃ ÿӝ FҳW YӟL PP KRһF WKҩS KѫQ ÿLӅX Qj\ WӕW KѫQ GzQJ
7LIGZDUI.KҧQăQJWҥR stolons cao KѫQ7LIGZDUI. Màu VҳF WKҧP Fӓ YүQ WӕW ngay Fҧ khi
11
có ÿLӅX NLӋQ OҥQK Tuy nhiên không FKӏX ÿѭӧF bóng che (Brosnan và ctv, 2008; Darren
Moore, 2010).
2.3 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXKӛQKӧSÿҩt
2.3.1 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXYӅ FiFYұWOLӋXWҥRKӛQKӧSÿҩW
7KHR'DYLV FyKDLQKyPYұWOLӋXOӟQGQJÿӇOjPKӛQKӧSÿҩWÿyOjYұW
OLӋXKӳXFѫYjYұWOLӋXY{FѫCác YұW OLӋX KӳX Fѫ bao JӗP than bùn, PөQ Jӛ UѫP
SKkQ« các YұW OLӋX vô Fѫ là các khoáng bao JӗP vermiculite, perlite và cát. Ngoài ra
có các YұW OLӋX SKә ELӃQ khác QKѭ ÿi Wә ong, diatomite, zeolite (Cale, Dan và Keith,
2000).
&iFYұWOLӋXKӳXFѫNKLWKrPYjROjPWKD\ÿәLWtQKFKҩWYұWOêFӫDÿҩWWăQJNKҧQăQJ
JLӳQѭӟFYjGLQKGѭӥQJQKѭQJYӅOkXGjLÿҩWFyWKӇEӏQpQ FKһW9uWKӃÿLӅXFҫQWKLӃW
Oj WuPUDQJXӗQYұW OLӋXY{FѫÿӇ OjPQJX\rQ OLӋX WUӝQYӟLFiW7UrQFѫVӣ WұQGөQJ
ÿѭӧFQJXӗQQJX\rQOLӋXVҹQFyFӫDÿӏDSKѭѫQJYjQKӳQJÿһFWtQKFӫDFKúng làm làm
YұWOLӋXWUӝQYӟLFiWÿӇOjPQӅQ*UHHQ.
2.3.1.1 Khoáng Diatomite
DiDWRPLWHFzQFyWrQJӑLOj.LHVHOJKUOjPӝWORҥLÿiWUҫPWtFKYӟLWKjQKSKҫQ
JӗPFiF NKXQJ[ѭѫQJ WҧRGLDWRPH Yj FyQKLӅXӭQJGөQJ YjRF{QJQJKLӋSQKӡ YjR
WtQK[ӕSFDRYjEӅQQKLӋWYjFiFÿһF WtQKTXtJLiNKiF +DGMDU 'LDWRPLWHFy
PjX WKD\ ÿәL Wӯ WUҳQJ [iP YjQJ ÿӃQ ÿӓ W\ WKXӝF YjR WKjQK SKҫQ FiF R[LGH FKӭD
trong chúng.
'LDWRPLWH Fy WtQK FiFK QKLӋW NK{QJ FKi\ NK{QJ KzD WDQ WURQJ QѭӟF Yj EӅn
WURQJNK{QJNKt'RÿyFK~QJÿѭӧFVӱGөQJU{QJUmLOjPFKҩWWUӧOӑFFKҩWPDQJ[~F
WiFYjFKҩWKҩSSKө .RUXQLF <XDQ ĈmFyQKLӅXF{QJWUuQKQJKLrQFӭX
vӅ NKҧQăQJӭQJGөQJ'LDWRPLWHWUrQWKӃ JLӟL %UHHVH 2QHP .
7ҥL9LӋW1DPQJXӗQ'LDWRPLWHFyWUӳOѭӧQJWULӋXWҩQ 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ7KDQK
+X\ӅQ WURQJÿyFyNKXYӵFPӓWҥLKX\ӋQ7X\$Q3K~<rQYӟLWUӳOѭӧQJGӵ
EiRNKRҧQJWULӋXWҩQ&iFӭQJGөQJFӫD'LDWRPLWH3K~<rQÿmÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭXYj
iS GөQJ WKӱ QJKLӋP OjP EӝW WUӧ OӑF WURQJ F{QJ QJKLӋS UѭӧX ELD QѭӟF JLҧL NKiW
1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ7KDQK+X\ӅQ 0ӝWVӕF{QJWUuQKNKiFÿmQJKLrQFӭXVӱGөQJÿӇ
VҧQ [XҩW YұW OLӋX QKҽ YұW OLӋX FKӏX QKLӋW 3KҥP &ҭP 1DP %rQ FҥQK ÿy
12
'LDWRPLWHFzQÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭXVӱGөQJOjPFiFFKҩWKҩSWKөFKҩWPDQJSKөJLDFKR
F{QJQJKLӋS[LPăQJ 7UҫQ7KDQK7XҩQ .
BҧQJ 7KjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFPүXGLDtomite Phú Yên
NKӕLOѭӧQJ SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3
.ӃWTXҧ 71,0 14,0 4,2 2,2 0,8 0,2
(1JX͛Q &KLFͭFWLrXFKX̱QÿRO˱ͥQJFK̭WO˱ͫQJPhú Yên, 2010)
.ӃWTXҧEҧQJFKRWKҩ\KjPOѭӧQJGLQKGѭӥQJWURQJGLDWRPLWH khá caoÿһFELӋW&D
FKLӃPNKӕLOѭӧQJ
ĈLӅXQj\FKӭQJ Wӓ UҵQJQJXӗQQJX\rQ OLӋX3K~<rQ Oj ORҥLGLDWRPLWH Fy WKjQKSKҫQ
NKRiQJFKӫ\ӃXYӟLF{QJWKӭF6L22.nH2O.
BӅ PһWGLDWRPLWHÿѭӧFFKR OjFyFiFQKyP2+WURQJ silanol (Si-2+ YjFiFFҫXQӕL
oxygen trong siloxan (-Si-O-Si- ÿk\FKtQKOjFác tâm KҩSWKө.
2.3.1.2 Khoáng Scoria ÿiED]DQEӑW
7KHR%ӝ7jL1JX\rQ0{L7UѭӡQJ ÿá ED]DQEӑWOjVҧQSKҭPFӫDQ~LOӱD
SKXQ WUjR FKӍ Fy WUrQ YQJ7k\1JX\rQ YjPӝW Vӕ tW WҥL WӍQKĈӗQJ1DL7X\QKLrQ
QJXӗQÿiQj\ WұS WUXQJQKLӅXӣNKXYӵF[m&Kѭ0¶JD KX\ӋQ&Kѭ0¶JD YjKX\ӋQ
.URQJ1D WӍQKĈҳF/ҳF Ĉk\OjORҥLÿiFyOӛQKӓYӟLÿһFÿLӇPQKҽQKѭQJOҥLFyÿӝ
EӅQFѫKӑFFDRFiFKkPYjFiFKQKLӋWWӕW/RҥLÿiQj\GQJOjPJҥFKӕSOiWFiFKkP,
FiFKQKLӋWÿӇ[k\GӵQJQKjFӱDYjFiFF{QJWUuQK[k\GӵQJNKiFUҩWWӕW.
/jORҥLPDFPDED]DQÿLӇQ KuQKFyFҩXWҥR[ӕSQKLӅXOӛUӛQJQKҽYjGӉEӏSKi
Kӫ\+jP OѭӧQJFiF FKҩW NLӅP WURQJÿi FDR ULrQJ&D2Yj0Q2[ҩS[Ӎ 20 %. Quá
WUuQKSKiKӫ\ÿiJLҧLSKyQJQKLӅX&DYj0J
&ҩXWU~FOӛ UӛQJJL~SWKRiQJNKtJҩSKjQJ WUăPOҫQVRYӟLEӅPһWNӃWFҩXWK{QJ
WKѭӡQJFyYDL WUzQJăQFKһQVӵ WKRiWKѫLQѭӟFJLӳҭPFKRÿҩWFy WKӇ WUӝQYjRÿҩW
QKѭFKҩWSKөJLD9jQyOjPӝWJLiWKӇWUӗQJFk\OêWѭӣQJ
7ҥLEuQKÿӏQKÿiED]DQEӑW phâQEӕӣÿӝFDRWӯ PÿӃQJҫQ m. Bazan
bӑWYjED]DQtWEӑWFyPjX[iP[iP[DQKSKRQJKyDFyPjXYjQJYjQJQkXÿӓ, tùy
WKHRPӭFÿӝSKRQJKyD%D]DQFKXDEӏSKRQJKyDUҳQGzQED]DQSKRQJKyDPӅPEӣ
FҩXWҥREӑWOӛUӛQJ
13
%ҧQJ .ӃWTXҧSKkQWtFKÿiED]DQӣ9ƭQK7KҥQK%uQKĈӏQK
7KjQKSKҫQ SiO2 Al2O3 FeO CaO K2O MgO Fe2O3 Na2O
7ӍOӋ 49.23 14.77 8.30 8.22 0.19 5.50 7.85 2.34
(1JX͛Q 6ͧNKRDK͕FYjF{QJQJK͏%uQKĈ͓QK 1997)
.ӃWTXҧEҧQJFKRWKҩ\KjPOѭӧQJGLQKGѭӥQJFyWURQJED]DQEӑWUҩWFDRĈһFELӋW
KjPOѭӧQJ&(&WURQJÿiQj\Uҩt cao.
.ӃWTXҧSKkQWtFKSKҭXGLӋQWҥLĈӏQK4XiQĈӗQJ1DLFҥQKPLӋQJQ~LOӱDFy
ÿiOӝÿҫX0үXÿҩWFyOүQWӯ %- 80 ÿiEӑW
%ҧQJ2.3 7KjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFFӫDÿiED]DQEӑWӣĈӗQJ1DL
7ҫQJÿҩW FP 7әQJVӕ
SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 MgO CaO P2O5 TiO2 MnO
0-20 29,17 10,25 6,80 1,07 2,83 1,34 - 0,25
20-70 36,21 9,00 10,62 1,00 2,70 0,15 - 0,19
(1JX͛Q: 7U̯Q9ăQ&KtQK
.ӃWTXҧEҧQJFKR WKҩ\KjPOѭӧQJGLQKGѭӥQJ WURQJÿiNKiFDR7URQJÿy&D2
FKLӃP0JFKLӃP
2.3.1.3 Khoáng Limonite
LiPRQLWH OjPӝW TXһQJ EDR JӗP WURQJPӝW KӛQ KӧS FӫD VҳW (III) QJұPQѭӟF
hydroxit-oxide. Công WKӭFFKXQJOj)H2 2+ .nH22PһFGÿLӅXQj\OjNK{QJKRjQ
WRjQ FKtQK [iF QKѭ OLPRQLWH WKѭӡQJ Fy FKӭDPӝW OѭӧQJ NKiF QKDX FӫD R[LW VR YӟL
hydroxide.
&QJYӟLKHPDWLW QyÿmÿѭӧFNKDLWKiFQKѭTXһQJÿӇVҧQ[XҩWVҳW Limonite có màu
VұPYj màu vàng-nâu. 1yOjPӝWFKҩWY{ÿӏQKKuQK UҩWSKәELӃQPһFGFyWKӇJһS khó
NKăQÿӇWuPWKҩ\NKLNKDLWKiFYӟLKHPDWLWYjTXһQJERJ Limonite kK{QJEDRJLӡOj
NӃWWLQKWKjQKWLQKWKӇYƭP{QKѭQJFyWKӇFy ӣGҥQJ VӧLKRһFFҩXWU~FYL mô. 0jXVҳF
khác nhau Wӯ màu YjQJÿӃQQkXĈk\ là cách ÿӇ SKkQELӋWQyYӟL hematit (PjXÿӓ),
KRһFYӟL magnetite PjXÿHQ . Ĉ{LNKLÿѭӧFJӑLOjKHPDWLWPjXQkXKRһFTXһQJVҳW
màu nâu. 1yÿѭӧFÿһWWrQWӯ WLӃQJ+\/ҥS FyQJKƭDOj ÿӗQJFӓiPFKӍWӟLVӵ[XҩWKLӋQ
FӫDQyOjTXһQJÿҫPOҫ\WURQJFiFÿӗQJFӓYjÿҫPOҫ\ ĈӝFӭQJFyWKӇWKD\ÿәL 4 ±
14
5.5. 7UӑQJ OѭӧQJ ULrQJ WKD\ ÿәL Wӯ . ÿӃQ .3 1JXӗQ %iFK NKRD WRjQ WKѭ Pӣ
+LӋQQD\6kQ*ROI7KӫĈӭFVӱGөQJQJXӗQNKRiQJQj\WҥLKӗĈҥL9LrQ WKXӝF
6kQ*ROI7KӫĈӭF
2.3.2 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXYӅKӛQKӧSÿҩW
7URQJQKӳQJQăPJҫQÿk\JLӟLFKX\rQP{QQJjQKJROIÿmFkQQKҳFÿӃQQKӳQJ
WtQKFKҩWFӫDQKӳQJFKҩWOLӋXÿӇ[k\GӵQJ*UHHQ&iFWtQKFKҩWOêKӑFEDRJӗP WӕFÿӝ
WKҩPFDRWKRiQJNKtNKҧQăQJWUDRÿәLFDWLRQFDRNKҧQăQJJLӳQѭӟFYjGLQKGѭӥQJ
WӕW*UHHQOjQѫLFKӏXVӵJLүPÿҥSUҩWOӟQ9uWKӃWURQJYLӋF[k\GӵQJWUҳFGLӋQ*UHHQ
QJѭӡLWDVӱGөQJFiWÿӇFKӕQJOҥLVӵJLүPÿҥS UҩWWӕW7X\QKLrQFiWFyNKҧQăQJJLӳ
QѭӟFYj WUDRÿәLFDWLRQNpP WӕFÿӝ WKҩPQKDQK &-H. Ok và ctv., 2001). Vì Yұ\ ÿӇ
NKҳF SKөF QKѭӧF ÿLӇP FӫD cát, FҫQ SKҧL tìm ra các YұW OLӋX ÿӇ SKӕL WUӝQ YӟL cát ÿӇ làm
QӅQ cho Green.
2.3.1.2 1JKLrQFӭXWURQJQѭӟF
Trong ngKLrQFӭX³.K̫RViWP͡WV͙K͟QKͫSÿ̭WYQJU͍F͗JUHHQ´ FӫD1JX\ӉQĈӭF
'NJQJYj1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ.LP7KRD (1995) ÿmWKtQJKLӋPQJKLӋPWKӭF
%ҧQJ &iFQJKLӋPWKӭFFӫD1JX\ӉQĈӭF'NJQJ và 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ.LP7KRD (1995)
7KjQKSKҫQ NT1 NT2 NT3 NT4 NT5
ĈҩWQJX\rQWKә 10 0 0 0 0
Cát 40 50 50 80 100
Than bùn 20 30 25 5 0
7URWUҩX 25 15 20 15 0
3KkQKӳXFѫ 5 5 5 0 0
(1JX͛Q 1JX\͍QĈͱF'NJQJYj 1JX\͍Q7K͓.LP7KRD
.ӃWTXҧ17 ÿҥWVLQKWUѭӣQJFDRQKҩWYjQJѭӡLWDNӃWOXұQUҵQJFKҩWKӳXFѫWӍOӋFDR
trong tKjQKSKҫQVRLOPL[NK{QJPDQJ OҥL NӃWTXҧ WӕLѭXYӅVLQK WUѭӣQJPjSKҧLNӃW
KӧSKjLKzDYӟLFiW WX\QKLrQ WӕFÿӝ WKҩPFӫDQyNKiQKDQKJLӳҭPNpP&zQFiF
QJKLӋP WKӭFFKӭD QKLӅXKӳXFѫ WKuQJѭӧF OҥL17 OjQJKLӋP WKӭF WULӇQ YӑQJQKҩW
7X\QKLrQFҫQNKҳFSKөFQKӳQJQKѭӧFÿLӇPQyLWUrQYjKӑÿmÿӅQJKӏF{QJWKӭFVDX
70 % Cát, 10 % than bùn, 10 % tURWUҩX, 10 % SKkQKӳXFѫ
15
2.3.3 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXQJRjLQѭӟF
Trong thí QJKLӋP FӫD C-H. Ok và ctv (2001), ÿm WKӵF KLӋQ thí QJKLӋP YӟL EӕQ
QJKLӋP WKӭF California (100 % cát), USGA (90 % cát, 10 % than bùn), California-P
(82 % cát, 15 % ÿi Wә ong, 3 % humat), California-Z (85 % cát, 15 % zeolite). .ӃW TXҧ
là QJKLӋP WKӭF California-P và California-Z có màu VҳF và FKҩW OѭӧQJ WKҧP Fӓ WӕW KѫQ
so YӟL QJKLӋP WKӭF còn Oҥi. Tính WKҩP và WUӑQJ OѭӧQJ UӉ FӫD QJKLӋP WKӭF California-Z
ÿҥW cao QKҩW so YӟL ba QJKLӋP WKӭF còn OҥL Hàm OѭӧQJ dinh GѭӥQJ trong ÿҩW QKѭ CEC,
Ca, Mg ӣ QJKLӋP WKӭF California-P ÿҥW cao QKҩW Hàm OѭӧQJ dinh GѭӥQJ ÿҥP lân ÿҥW
cao QKҩW ӣ QJKLӋP WKӭF California-Z. .ӃW TXҧ cho WKҩ\ hai QJKLӋP WKӭF California-P
và California-Z có GҩX KLӋX WӕW cho Vӵ sinh WUѭӣQJ FӫD Fӓ
7KHRQJKLrQ FӭXFӫD0DUYLQ WKu WKDQEQFKLӃP WӕLÿD Oj % trong
KӛQKӧSFzQÿӕLYӟLWKjQKSKҫQVpWWKuWӯ - 8 OjWӕW7UѭӡQJKӧSOӟQKѫQWKu
ÿҩWGӉEӏQpQĈӕLYӟLWKӏWFiWUҩWPӏQWKuWtQKFKҩWFӫDVpWQrQFNJQJJLҧPKjPOѭӧQJ
Qj\7\YjRWKjQKSKҫQFiFKҥWNKiFQKDXPjFyWӍOӋKӛQKӧSNKiFQKDX+ӑÿmÿѭD
UDF{QJWKӭFNKҳFSKөFÿѭӧFQKѭӧFÿLӇPFӫDFiWĈyOjFiFKӛQKӧS +H): HH1 (85
% cát thô, 15 % than bùn), HH2 (35 % tKӏW, 15 % than bùn, 50 % cát thô), HH3 (10 %
spWQһQJ, 15 % than bùn, 75 % cát thô 9ӟLFiWWK{FyNtFKWKѭӟc (0,2-PP FiWPӏQ
YjWKӏW 002 ± 0,2 mm), sét (< 0,002 mm).
Wayne Crawley và David Zabcik (1985) ÿm nghiên FӭX VӱGөQJÿi WUkQFKkX
SHUOLWH ÿӇ OjPKӛQ KӧSÿҩW. Ӣ ÿk\ tác JLҧ Vӱ GөQJ cát trung bình WUӝQ YӟL ÿi trân
châu. Khi thêm ÿi trân châu vào cát thì tính WKҩP rút JLҧP ÿL, WăQJ NKҧ QăQJ JLӳ QѭӟF
và FKҩW dinh GѭӥQJ JLҧP dung WUӑQJ
16
%ҧQJ5: <rXFҫXYӅWtQKFKҩWFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩW
7tQKFKҩW <rXFҫX
'XQJWUӑQJ 1,20-1,60 g/cm3
ĈӝUӛQJ 40-55%
.KҧQăQJJLӳQѭӟF 12-25%
7ӕFÿӝWKҩP 2-10 inches/h
7KӏW 5%
Sét 3%
(USGA, 1973)
7\YjRWKjQKSKҫQVpWFyWURQJFiWPjFyFyWӍOӋKӛQKӧSÿҩW khác nhau. 6ӱ GөQJ cát
trung bình YӟL 20 % ÿi trân châu FNJQJ có NKҧ QăQJ JLӳ QѭӟF khá. Trong Vӕ ba cát WKӱ
QJKLӋP FKӍ có cát trung bình YӟL 1,5 % và 3,0 % ÿҩW sét và cát ÿҩW sét thô YӟL 1.5 %
ÿiS ӭQJ ÿѭӧF các NKX\ӃQ cáo FӫD USGA cho bùn và ÿҩW sét. Các ORҥL cát có sét FKLӃP
1,5-4,5 % và 20 % ÿi trân châu theo WKӇ tích ÿiS ӭQJ WҩW Fҧ các yêu FҫX USGA YӅ YұW
lý. Cát PӏQ KRһF thô FNJQJ có WKӇ ÿiS ӭQJ WҩW Fҧ các tiêu FKXҭQ này. .ӃW TXҧ FӫD nghiên
FӭX này FKӭQJ minh UҵQJ ÿi trân châu có OӧL YӅ ÿһF tính YұW lý FӫD các lRҥL ÿҩW quan
WUӑQJ ÿӕL YӟL YLӋF xây GӵQJ vùng UӉ FӫD Green. 0ӝW ѭX ÿLӇP khác FӫD ÿi trân châu
không JLӕQJ QKѭ YұW FKҩW FKҩW KӳX Fѫ khác, ÿi trân châu WUѫ trong KӛQ KӧS ÿҩW và do
ÿy không thay ÿәL ÿiQJ NӇ theo WKӡL gian.
17
&KѭѫQJ
3+ѬѪ1*7,ӊ19¬3+ѬѪ1*3+È31*+,Ç1&Ӭ8
7KӡLJLDQÿӏDÿLӇP QJKLrQFӭX
7KӡLJLDQQJKLrQFӭX
7ӯÿҫXWKiQJ15/2/2011-15/6/2011.
ĈӏDÿLӇPQJKLrQFӭX
.KXÿҩWWUѭӟFQKjQ{QJFѫWKXӝFVkQJROI7KӫĈӭF
3.2 %ӕWUtWKtQJKLӋP YjQJKLӋPWKӭF
<ӃXWӕ +ӛQKӧSÿҩWEDRJӗPPӭF
S1: 100% Cát
S2: 90% Cát + 10% Diatomite
S3: 90% Cát + 10% Scoria
S4: 90% Cát + 10% Limonite
1JXӗQFiWÿѭӧF Oҩ\ WӯKӗ7Uӏ$Q ĈӗQJQDL , NKRiQJGLDWRPLWH WҥL3K~\rQNKRiQJ
VFRULD WҥLĈӏQK4XiQ ĈӗQJQDL NKRiQJ OLPRQLWH WҥLKӗÿҥLYLrQ VkQJROI WKӫÿӭF
9ӅWKjQKSKҫQGLQKGѭӥQJ [HPӣFKѭѫQJ
<ӃXWӕ &yJLӕQJFӓFKR*UHHQ
V1: Tifdwarf
V2: TifEagle
+DLJLӕQJFӓQj\ÿѭӧFOҩ\WӯVkQ VkQÿ{QJYjVkQWk\ FӫDVkQJROI7KӫÿӭF 9ӅÿһF
ÿLӇPFӫDWӯQJJLӕQJFӓ [HPӣFKѭѫQJ
Ĉk\OjWKtQJKLӋP \ӃXWӕ JLӕQJFӓ[ORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩW YӟLQJKLӋPWKӭF %ӕWUt
WKtQJKLӋP WKHRNLӇXO{VӑFYӟLOҫQOұSOҥL
18
6ѫÿӗWKtQJKLӋPEӕWUtWKHRNLӇXNKӕLO{VӑFYӟLOҫQOұSOҥLFyQKѭKuQKYӁ1.
V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2
S4 S2 S3
S3 S1 S2
S2 S4 S1
S1 S3 S4
Rep. I Rep II Rep III
Hình 3.1 6ѫÿӗEӕWUtWKtQJKLӋPNLӇXO{VӑF
3.3 6ӕOLӋXWKXWKұSYjFKӍWLrXWKHRG}L
3.3.1 7KXWKұSYjSKkQWtFKPүXÿҩW
'өQJFөOҩ\PүX GQJGөQJFөOҩ\PүXÿҩW QKѭKuQK
Hình 3.2 'өQJFөOҩ\PүXÿҩW
7KӡLJLDQOҩ\PүX WҥLWKӡLÿLӇPVDXNKLWUӗQJWXҫQYjVDXWKiQJ
&iFKOҩ\PүX Oҩ\WKHRÿѭӡQJFKpRJyF QKѭKuQK YjOҩ\ӣÿӝVkX cm
Hình 3.3 9ӏWUtOҩ\PүXÿҩWWUrQPӝWO{ WKtQJKLӋPÿѫQYӏ
19
Phân tích hóa tính
¾ pH: VӱGөQJS+NӃÿRYӟLWӍOӋ 5 ÿҩW QѭӟFFҩW
¾ &KҩWKӳXFѫ 20 : SKkQWtFKEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiS:DONOH\%ODFN
o &kQFKtQK[iFWӯ- JÿҩWÿmTXDUk\PPK~WFKtQK[iFPO.2Cr2O7
1YjRWURQJPүXÿҩWOҳFÿӅXK~WPO+2SO4 ÿұPÿһFFKRYjRWӯWӯÿӇÿҧP
EҧRÿҩWWiFGөQJÿӅXYӟLKyDFKҩWÿӇ\rQKӛQKӧSSK~W
o 1ӃXGXQJGӏFK FyPjX OөFGR OѭӧQJÿҩWTXiQKLӅX OѭӧQJ.2Cr2O7 ÿӅXEӏNKӱ
1ӃXGXQJGӏFKFyPjXÿӓGROѭӧQJÿҩWTXitWOѭӧQJ.2Cr2O7 TXiWKӯDTrong 2
WUѭӡQJKӧSWUrQNK{QJQrQWLӃSWөFSKҧLFkQOѭӧQJÿҩWFKRSKKӧS
o ĈXQPүXQKҽFyÿұ\SKӇXErQWUrQÿӇQJXӝL
o Hút 1 ml H3PO4 ÿұPÿһFFKRYjRPүXÿҩWÿmÿXQQKҽWUrQ JL~SÿәLPjXQKDQK
QKӓ- JLӑWWKXӕFWKӱ'LSKHQ\ODPLQH
o &KXҭQÿӝPүXEҵQJGXQJGӏFKPXӕL0RUK'XQJGӏFKWKӇKLӋQPjXWӯQkXÿӓĺ
[DQKOiĺ[DQKOөF
o 0үX%ODQNÿѭӧFWKӵFKLӋQWѭѫQJWӵNK{QJFyÿҩWVX\UDQӗQJÿӝPXӕL0RUKWKӵF
WҥL
&{QJWKӭF C% = [(V0 ± V1) * N * 0,003 * 100]/ P
&KҩWKӳXFѫ &
9ӟL V0: WKӇWtFKPүXEODQNÿmFKXҭQÿӝ PO
V1: WKӇWtFKPүXÿҩWÿmFKXҭQÿӝ PO
1 QӗQJÿӝPXӕL0RUKWKӵFWҥL
KӋVӕFKX\ӇQWӯO\ÿѭѫQJOѭӧQJVDQJJDPFӫDFDUERQ
FKҩWKӳXFѫWUXQJEuQKFKӭD % carbon
¾ ĈҥPGӉWLrX VӱGөQJSKѭѫQJSKiS.MHQGDKO
o Cân 10 JÿҩWWѭѫLFKRYjRKӫQKӵDWKrP.&O 1/ҳFEҵQJPi\OҳFWURQJ
JLӡ6DXÿyOӑFGӏFKTXDJLҩ\WKҩP/ҩ\GӏFKVDXOӑFÿHPFKѭQJFҩWEҵQJPi\
Kjendahl.
o &iFK FKѭQJ FҩW 5~W PO GӏFK PүX YjR ӕQJ FKѭQJ FҩW FKR WKrP J
'HUYDGDYjFKѭQJFҩWWUrQPi\'ӏFKVDXNKLFKѭQJFҩWFKRYjREuQKWDPJLiF
FKӭDPO+3BO4 YjÿHPGӏFKÿyFKXҭQÿӝEҵQJGXQJGӏFK+2SO4 0,05 N.
20
Cách tính:
NO-3 mg/100g = m * Vm
K * 10000 *Mn * Na * Vb)(Va
7URQJÿy:
9D 7KӇWtFK+2SO4 0,05 1FKXҭQÿӝPүXWKtQJKLӋP
9E 7KӇWtFK+2SO4 1FKXҭQÿӝPүXBlank
1D 1ӗQJÿӝGXRQJOѭӧQJ+2SO4
Mn: NKӕLOѭӧQJSKkQWӱFӫD1LWѫ
. +ӋVӕNK{NLӋW
9P 7KӇWtFKPүX
m: .KӕLOѭӧQJPүX
¾ 3KkQWtFKFKӍWLrX3GӉWLrX 3KѭѫQJpháp so màu
o &kQJÿҩWPO%UD\YjREuQKQKӵDOҳFSK~WUӗLOӑFEҵQJJLҩ\OӑF
o Rút 2 ml dunJGӏFKOӑF JLӑW - QLWURSKHQROYjREuQKWDPJLiFQKӓWӯQJJLӑW
1D2+ÿӃQNKL[XҩWKLӋQPjXYjQJPOGXQJGӏFK% ! OrQWKӇWtFKPO
EҵQJQѭӟFFҩW
o 6RPjXEҵQJEѭӟFVyQJP
o Cách tính
7URQJÿy
5HDGLQJ WtQKWӯSKѭѫQJWUuQKÿѭӡQJFKXҭQ
V: tKӇWtFKFXӕLFQJÿӇVRPjX PO
V Bray2 WKӇWtFKGXQJGӏFK%UD\ PO
0 NKӕLOѭӧQJPүXÿҩW J
Y WKӇWtFKK~WGӏFKOӑF
/ұSWKDQJFKXҭQ
ppm P 6ӕPOGXQJGӏFKSSP3WURQJPO
0 0
2.5 5
5 10
21
¾ Phân tích FKӍWLrX.GӉWLrX 3KѭѫQJSKiS Matlova
o &kQJÿҩW + 100 ml CH3COONH4 1 1OҳFWURQJJLӡSK~WUӗLOӑF
o &KXҭQEӏPүXÿR K~WPOPүX PO&VSSPOrQWKӇWtFKPO
o ĈR.EҵQJPi\KҩSWKXQJX\rQWӱ
/ұSWKDQJFKXҭQ
ppm K 6ӕPOGXQJGӏFKSSP.Wrong 50ml
5 2,5
10 5
20 10
25 12,5
50 25
¾ .KҧQăQJWUDRÿәLFDWLRQ &(& : SKkQWtFKEҵQJPi\KҩSWKXQJX\rQWӱ.
í Cân chính xác 10 JÿҩWNK{NK{QJNKtÿmTXDUk\YjREuQKWDPJLiF ml + 100
ml CH3COONH4 1 1ĺOҳFSK~WĺOӑF'ӏFKQj\VӱGөQJSKkQ tích Ca, Mg,
1DYj.DOLGӉWLrXWURQJÿҩW
í ;iFÿӏQKWәQJOѭӧQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ WUDRÿәL
o +~W PO GӏFK OӑF PO+2 FҩW PO S+ tW1(7ĺÿӏQK SKkQ YӟL
('7$1GӏFKWӯPjXWtPĺ[DQK (V1).
o 1ӃXVӵÿәLPjXNKyQKұQWKҩ\FyWKӇGRVӵKLӋQGLӋQFӫDQKLӅXSKRVSKDWHÿѭDS+
FӫDGXQJGӏFKOrQS+ EҵQJFiFKWKrP- POGXQJGӏFKÿӋPS+ QӃXQJKL
QJӡQrQNLӇPFKӭQJ S+EҵQJS+NӃKD\JLҩ\WKӱS+
o /jPPүXÿӕLFKӭQJ WKӵFKLӋQWURQJFQJÿLӅXNLӋQQKѭQJNK{QJFyGӏFKOӑFÿӇ
so sánh.
¾ ;iFÿӏQK&D2+ trDRÿәL
í +~WPOGӏFKOӑFPO+2FҩWPO1D2+ tW&DOFHLQĺÿӏQKSKkQ
YӟL('7$1GӏFKWӯPjX[DQKKXǤQKTXDQJĺWtP(V2).
7.5 15
10 20
12.5 25
15 30
22
í 1ӃXVӵÿәLPjXNKyQKұQWKҩ\FyWKӇGRVӵKLӋQGLӋQFӫDQKLӅXSKRVSKDWHÿѭDS+
FӫDGXQJGӏFKOrQWUrQS+ EҵQJFách thêm 5 - 10 ml NaOH 10%, QӃXQJKLQJӡ
QrQNLӇPFKӭQJS+.
í /jPPүXÿӕLFKӭQJ WKӵFKLӋQWURQJFQJÿLӅXNLӋQQKѭQJNK{QJFyGӏFKOӑFÿӇ
so sánh.
¾ 7әQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ (meq/100g) = (V1* N * VOҳF* 100)/ (P * Vh)
Ca2+ (meq/100g) = (V2* N * VOҳF* 100)/ (P * Vh)
Mg2+ PHTJ WәQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ - Ca2+
¾ 7URJÿy:
V1 WKӇWtFKWәQJOѭӧQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ WUDRÿәL PO
V2 WKӇWtFKOѭӧQJ&D2+ WUDRÿәL PO
1 QӗQJÿӝ('7$
VOҳF WKӇWtFK&+3COONH4 1VӱGөQJ PO
Vh WKӇWtFKGӏFKK~W PO
3 WUӑQJOѭӧQJÿҩW
Phân tích lý tính ÿҩW
¾ 'XQJWUӑQJ: ĈiQKJLiWKHR.DWULQVNL
í ӔQJÿyQJKuQKWUөFyWKӇWtFKFP3 FzQJӑLOjEӝULQJ
í ĈһWULQJOrQNKXYӵFÿҩWÿѭӧFOjPEҵQJSKҷQJÿһWULQJVRQJVRQJFQJO~F Yu
[iFÿӏQKtWQKҩWOҫQOһSOҥL
í ĈһWNKX{QÿӏQKKѭӟQJOrQWUrQULQJGQJE~DJӛÿyQJULQJYjRÿҩW ÿyQJWKҷQJYj
O~QVkXYjRÿҩW
í 'QJGDRKD\ÿjRJӑWQKҳFULQJUDĈұ\QҳSOұWQJѭӧFӕQJULQJGQJGDRVҳFJӑW
EҵQJKDLÿҫXULQJODXVDFKÿҩWEiP[XQJTXDQKULQJ
í 'QJGDRFҥ\ÿҩWWURQJӕQJULQJFKRYjREDRQ\ORQÿmELӃWWUѭӟFNKӕLOѭӧQJ&kQ
FKtQK[iFNKӕLOѭӧQJEDRQ\ORQYjÿҩWFKtQK[iFJ
í 'QJÿҩWQj\[iFÿӏQKKӋVӕNK{NLӋWYj[iFÿӏQKNKӕLOѭӧQJÿҩWNK{WX\ӋWÿӕL
í 'XQJWUӑQJFӫDÿҩWÿѭӧFWtQK: dv= P/V
í 7URQJÿy
GY GXQJWUӑQJ (g.cm-3)
3 NKӕLOѭӧQJÿҩWNK{WX\ӋWÿӕL (g)
23
9 WKӇWtFKӕQJULQJ WKӇWtFKÿҩW FP3)
¾ ĈӝUӛQJ ĈiQKJLiWKHR.DWULQVNL
7KHR86'$ ĈӝUӛQJ - GXQJWUӑQJ65)
¾ 7ӕFÿӝWKҩP theo USDA (1999)
í 'QJULQJFyÿѭӡQJNtQKLQ cm).
í ĈyQJULQJ[XӕQJÿӇOҥLFKLӅXFDR
í Dùng bao nylon PӓQJÿһWYDRVDRFKRSKӫEӅPһWWUrQFӫDULQJ
í 5yWPO LQ QѭӟFÿәYjREDRQ\ORQ6DXÿyU~WQKҽYjEҩPJLӡ WtQK WKӡL
JLDQWKҩP
í /ұSOҥLQKLӅXOҫQ xem hình 3.4).
Hình 3.4 ĈRWӕFÿӝWKҩPQJRjLÿӗQJ
3.3.2 7KXWKұSYjÿiQKJLiPүXFӓ
'өQJFөOҩ\PүX Fӓ: GQJGөQJFөÿөFOӛFӡ KROGFXWWHU ĈyOjGөQJFөFyÿѭӡQJ
NtQKLQ FP /ҩ\PүXFӓYӟLÿӝVkXFP (Xem hình 3.5).
24
Hình 3.5 'өQJFөÿөFOӛFӡ
7KӡLJLDQOҩ\PүX VDXWUӗQJYj QJj\VDXWUӗQJ. Theo QJKLrQFӭXFӫD
ÿҥLKӑc Georgia (2010), WKҧPFӓVDXQJj\FyWKӇÿDQ[HQÿѭӧF %, sau 45 ngày
FyWKӇFKHSKӫ YjVDXQJj\WKҧPSKӫFyWKӇÿҥW %.
&iFKOҩ\PүX Oҩ\PүXWKHRKuQKWDPJLiFOҫQOҩ\PүXVDXNK{QJWUQJYӟLOҫQWUѭӟF.
&өWKӇYӅFiFKOҩ\PүX KuQK).
%ҧRTXҧQPүX PүXFӓ VDXNKLÿHPӣQJRjLYӅ UӱDVҥFKVӁYj WLӃQKjQKSKkQ Wách.
7X\QKLrQVӕOѭӧQJPүXNKiOӟQYuWKӃSKҧLÿѭӧFEҧRTXҧQWURQJ WӫOҥQK ӣ0C.
Hình 3.6 9ӏWUtOҩ\PүXFӓWUrQPӝWO{WKtQJKLӋPÿѫQYӏ
ĈiQKJLiVLQKWUѭӣQJFӓ
í &KLӅXGjLFӫDUӉ GQJGөQJFөÿөFOӛ*UHHQÿөF3 ÿLӇPWKHRÿѭӡQJFKpRJyF*Lӳ
QJX\rQWUҥQJNKӕLÿҩWFӓYjÿһWOrQPӝWWKDQKVҳWQKӑQYjGQJWKѭӟFÿRFKLӅXGjL
UӉ6DXÿyÿѭDNKӕLÿҩWWUrQYjRWKDXQѭӟFUӱDQKҽFKRUDKӃWOӟSFiWĈHPSKҫQFӓ
ÿROҥLFKLӅXGjLUӉ&KLӅXGjLUӉÿѭӧFWtQKWӯQѫLJLiSJLӳDFiFFKӗLQJDQJYjUӉÿR
ÿӃQVӧLUӉGjLQKҩW (Xem hình 3.7).
25
Hình 3.7 ĈRFKLӅXGjLUӉ
í 0ұWVӕFKӗLÿѫQYӏGLӋQWtFK ĈHPVӕFKӗLYӯDWiFKÿӃPPұWÿӝ&KӍQKӳQJFKӗL
còn QJӑQ YjFyPjX[DQKPӟLWtQK
í 7UӑQJOѭӧQJNK{ FӫDFKӗLUӉ 6DXNKLÿӃPPұWÿӝFKӗLÿHPÿLVҩ\ӣQKLӋWÿӝ0C
ÿӃQNKLWUӑQJOѭӧQJNK{QJÿәLÿHPFkQWUӑQJOѭӧQJNK{
3.4 4X\WUuQKWUӗQJYjFKăPVyF
&KXҭQEӏ
í &KXҭQEӏFiWYjFiFNKRiQJWҥRKӛQKӧSÿҩW
+ Cát: 30 m2 x 12 x 0,09 m = 32,4 m3 + 0,9 m3 = 33,3 m3
'LDWRPLWHÿm[D\ m2 x 3 x 0,01 m = 0,9 m3
6FRULDÿm[D\ m2 x 3 x 0,01 m = 0,9 m3
/LPRQLWHÿm[D\ m2 x 3 x 0,01 m = 0,9 m3
í &ӓ7LIGZDUIYj7LI(DJOH GQJPi\Oҩ\Fӓ WӯYѭӡQѭѫP
26
Hình 3.8 /ҩ\FӓJLӕQJWӯYѭӡQѭѫP
í &iFGөQJFөNKiF [ҿQJFXӕFFjRFӓQҽSWUHQ\ORQFKҳQ
7UӝQKӛQKӧSÿҩW
&KLDO{WKtQJKLӋPYjÿәFiWOrQ FPWUrQFiWÿmFyVҹQ6DXÿyOjPEҵQJSKҷQJĈә
0,3 m3 OrQPӛL{ m2 YjWUӝQÿӅXOrQQKLӅXOҫQ
Hình 3.9 7UӝQKӛQKӧSÿҩW
7LӃQKjQKWUӗQJ
/ҩ\FӓQJRjLYѭӡQѭѫP7ifdwarf và TifEaJOHEҵQJPi\5ҧLWUrQEӅPһW kg Fӓ
cho ô 15 m26DXÿyUҧLPӝWOӟSFiWPӓQJWUrQEӅPһWFӓ
27
Hình 3.10 5ҧLOӟSFiWPӓQJVDXNKLUҧLFӓ
Bón phân
- Bón lót: bón 20g.m-2 FiFORҥL 9{L'$3KӳXFѫ%uQKĈLӅQWUѭӟFNKLWUӗQJ
- %yQOҫQ g.m-2 Urea VDXWXҫQEyQOyW
- %yQOҫQ Jm-2 NPK 16-8-16 VDXWXҫQEyQOҫQ
- %yQOҫQ JP-2 Calcium Amonium Nitrat VDXWXҫQEyQOҫQ
&iFWXҫQVDXEyQ[RD\YzQJWUӣOҥL EҳW ÿҫXOҥLOҫQOҫQYjOҫQ
7ѭӟLQѭӟF
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ĈһFELӋWOjFӓ7LIZD\ FҫQSKҧLQKәWULӋWÿӇ
28
3.5 3KkQWtFKWKӕQJNr
6ӕOLӋX YӅOêKyDWtQKYjҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩW ÿѭӧF[ӱOêWKӕQJNrWUҳF
QJKLӋPSKkQKҥQJ EҵQJSKҫQPӅPSAS.
29
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.ӂ748Ҧ9¬7+Ҧ2/8Ұ1
1KӳQJNӃWTXҧYӅOêWtQK YjKyDWtQKFӫD ÿҩW
6DXNӃWNKLWUӗQJQJj\Oҩ\PүXÿRWtQKFKҩWYұWOêFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQ
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ÿәLOêWtQKVDXQj\.ӃWTXҧQj\WKӇKLӋQӣEҧQJD &өWKӇSKkQWtFKWKӕQJNr[HPӣ
SKөOөF.
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S1 FyVӵNKiFELӋW FyêQJKƭD VRYӟLFiFNT FzQOҥLNT 6FyWӕFÿӝWKҩPWUXQJEuQK
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WKҩSQKҩWYjNK{QJFyVӵNKiFELӋWJLӳDNT này. Tuy nhiên, có NKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭD
VRYӟL176Yj6
9ӅGXQJWUӑQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWEҧQJa FKRWKҩ\Dung WUӑQJFӫD1764 là
FDRQKҩW176WKҩSQKҩW
30
9ӅÿӝUӛQJKӛQKӧSÿҩW.ӃWTXҧEҧQJa FKR WKҩ\ ÿӝUӛQJFӫD176FDR
QKҩWYjWKҩSQKҩWOj176.
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WKӕQJNr[HPӣSKөOөF
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YӟL1767X\QKLrQFyVӵNKiFELӋWUҩWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟLFiF17NKiF Sau 2 tháng
WUӗQJWӕFÿӝWKҩPFyFKLӅXKѭӟQJJLҧP7X\QKLrQVӵWKD\ÿәLNK{QJ ÿiQJNӇVRYӟL
EDQÿҫX6ӵ WKD\ÿәLQj\ OjGR WKҧPFӓÿmÿѭӧFKuQK WKjQKYjVӵ WKD\ÿәLYӅ WKjQK
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QҵPWURQJNKRҧQJ± 1,6 g/cm3ÿӝUӛQJ 40 ± 55 %. 'XQJWUӑQJFӫDÿҩWFjQJFDR
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ELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟLNT S1. Các NT S2, S3, S4 và S1, S2, S3 VӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFy
êQJKƭDĈӝUӛQJOj\ӃXWӕWѭѫQJTXDQQJKӏFKYӟLGXQJWUӑQJ, NT S4 FyÿӝUӛQJWKҩS
QKҩWYjVӵ NKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL NT S4. Các 17666VӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJ
FyêQJKƭD&iF17666 VӵNKiFELӋWFNJQJkhông FyêQJKƭD. Sau 2 tháng, dung
WUӑQJFyFKLӅXKѭӟQJ WăQJӣ ORҥLNKRiQJ/LPRQLWHNKiQKDQKYѭӧWTXiQJѭӥQJFKR
31
SKpS WKHR NKX\ӃQ FiR FӫD86*$ 9u WKӃ WURQJ WUѭӡQJ KӧS Qj\ NK{QJ FKӑQ
khoáng này.
Qua EҧQJÿk\WDWKҩ\WӕFÿӝWKҩPFNJQJQKѭGXQJWUӑQJYjÿӝUӛQJFӫDFiF
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KyDKӑFFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩW.ӃWTXҧYӅKyDWtQKFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩW O~FPӟLWUӗQJYjVDX
WKiQJÿѭӧF WKӇKLӋQӣEҧQJD và 4.2b.
%ҧQJa 7tQKFKҩWKyDKӑFFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
'ӵDYjREҧQJa. .ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\YӅS+FӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩW176FyS+
FDRQKҩWVӵNKiFELӋWUҩWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥLCác 17666VӵNKiF
ELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭD9ӅNKҧQăQJWUDRÿәLFDWLRQ &(& FӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩW176KjP
OѭӧQJFDRQKҩWYjVӵNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥL176FyKjPOѭӧQJ
WKҩSQKҩW 7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDVRYӟLKDL17FzQOҥL9ӅKjP
OѭӧQJFKҩWKӳXFѫ (OM) WURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩW176FyKjPOѭӧQJPQFDRQKҩWYjVӵ
NKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭD VRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥL176FyKjPOѭӧQJ20WKҩSQKҩWYjVӵ
NKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL176 61KѭQJJLӳD1766Yj66VӵNKiFELӋW
NK{QJFyêQJKƭD9ӅKjPOѭӧQJÿҥPGӉWLrXWURQJÿҩW176FyOѭӧQJÿҥPGӉWLrX
FDRQKҩW YjNK{QJFyVӵNKiFELӋWYӟL176176FyOѭӧQJÿҥPWKҩSQKҩWYjVӵ
NKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟLFiF 17FzQOҥLĈӕLYӟLKjPOѭӧQJOkQGӉWLrXWURQJÿҩW NT
6FyKjP OѭӧQJFDRQKҩW NK{QJ NKiFELӋW VRYӟL176 Yj Vӵ NKiFELӋW UҩW Fyê
QJKƭDVRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥLĈӕLYӟL&DYj0JKjPOѭӧQJFDRQKҩWӣ176YjVӵ
32
NKiFELӋWUҩWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL17FzQOҥLVà FXӕLFQJOj.176FyKjPOѭӧQJ
FDRQKҩWWX\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDWKӕQJNrVRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥL
.ӃWTXҧSKkQWtFKKyDWtQKFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXWKiQJWUӗQJÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQFөWKӇTXD
EҧQJE
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'ӵDYjREҧQJENӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\9ӅS+FӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩWJҫQQKѭEҵQJ
nhau, Fy[XKѭӟQJJLҧPVRYӟLEDQÿҫX7X\QKLrQNK{QJÿiQJNӇKӛQKӧSÿҩWFRS+
FDRQKҩWOjYjWKҩSQKҩWOjVӵNKiFELӋWJLӳDFiF17NK{QJFyêQJKƭD ĈӕLYӟL
FKҩWKӳXFѫWURQJÿҩW176FyJLiWUӏFDRQKҩWYjVӵNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL17
FzQOҥL 9ӅKjPOѭӧQJFKҩWGLQKGѭӥQJWURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWĈӕLYӟL1GWWURQJKӛQKӧp
ÿҩWFDRQKҩWOj176YjNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL17FzQOҥL*LӳD176Yj6
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QKLrQJLӳDFһSQj\VӵNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭD ĈӕLYӟL&DYj0JKjPOѭӧQJÿҥWFDR
QKҩWӣ6YjWKҩSQKҩWOj6*LӳD176YjFiFQJKLӋQWKӭFFzQOҥLFyVӵNKiFELӋW
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êQJKƭDWURQJWKӕQJNr
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33
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6DXQJj\WUӗQJGQJGөQJFөÿөFOӛJROIOҩ\PүX0үXnày ÿѭӧFÿRFKLӅX
GjLUӉӣQJRjLÿӗQJÿӗQJWKӡL VӱGөQJÿӇÿӃPPұWÿӝFKӗLWUӑQJOѭӧQJNK{FӫDFKӗL
YjUӉ. ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓVDXQJj\ÿѭӧFWKӇ
KLӋQӣEҧQJDYjE.
.ӃWTXҧYӅPұWÿӝFKӗLYjFKLӅXGjLUӉFNJQJQKѭҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWÿӃQVLQK
WUѭӣQJJLӕQJFӓÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQFөWKӇӣEҧQJ4.3a.
%ҧQJa ҦQKKѭӣQJ FӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQPұWÿӝFKӗLYjFKLӅXGjLUӉVDX
ngày WUӗQJ
;pWYӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓWUrQQӅQFӫDORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩW sau 30 ngày
WUӗQJ. 'ӵDvào EҧQJD. .ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\PұWÿӝFKӗLÿҥWFDRQKҩWWҥL69WKҩS
QKҩWӣ69. 1769NKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL1769Yj69VӵNKiFELӋW
NK{QJFyêQJKƭDVRYӟLFiFQJKLӋPWKӭFFzQOҥL&KLӅXGjLUӉÿҥWFDR QKҩWWҥL69
WKҩSQKҩW WҥL69NT S3V1 NKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL696969Yj Vӵ
NKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDJLӳDFiF17 FzQOҥL.
;pWYӅWUXQJEuQKFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩW ҧQKKѭӣQJ OrQPұWÿӝFKӗLYjFKLӅXGjL
UӉ Fӓ QyL FKXQJ .ӃW TXҧ FKR WKҩ\ PұW ÿӝ FKӗL ÿҥW FDR QKҩW ӣ KӛQ KӧS ÿҩW S2
'LDWRPLWH YjWKҩSQKҩWӣ6 &iW NT S2 kháFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL176Yj6.
7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDÿӕLYӟL176 6FRULD &KLӅXGjLUӉÿҥWFDR
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34
kKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭD7X\QKLrQNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDYӟL6Yj6*LӳD66
Yj6VӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭD
;pWYӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓ'ӵDYjREҧQJD.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\PұWÿӝFKӗL
FӫD7LI(DJOHFDRKѫQ7LIGZDUI9ӅFKLӅXGjLUӉ7LIGZDUIFyUӉGjLKѫQ7LI(DJOH
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ÿӇÿRWURQJOѭӧQJNK{UӉ
&өWKӇYӅWUӑQJOѭӧQJNK{FӫDFKӗLUӉFXQJQKѭҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDFiFKӛQKӧS
ÿҩWOrQVLQKWUѭӣQJFKӗLUӉVDXQJj\ÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQӣEҧQJE
%ҧQJEҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQWUӑQJOѭӧQJ khô FӫDFKӗLYjUӉVDX
ngày WUӗQJ
9Ӆ VLQK WUѭӣQJ FӫD JLӕQJ Fӓ WUrQ QӅQ FӫD ORҥL KӛQ KӧS ÿҩW VDX QJj\
WUӗQJ'ӵDYjREҧQJD.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\WUӑQJOѭӧQJFKӗLÿҥWFDRQKҩWWҥL69
(Diatomite ± TifEagle), thҩSQKҩWӣ69 &iW± Tifdwarf). 1769NKiFELӋWFyê
QJKƭDVRYӟLFiFQJKLӋPWKӭF6969Yj697X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋt không có
êQJKƭDVRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥL. 7UӑQJUӉÿҥWFDRQKҩWWҥL69 6FRULD± 7LIGZDUI WKҩS
QKҩWWҥL69 /LPRQLWH± 7LI(DJOH 1769FyVӵNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDYӟLFiF17
FzQOҥLJLӳDFiF17FzQOҥLVӵVDLNKiFNK{QJFy êQJKƭD
;pWYӅWUXQJEuQKFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQWUӑQJOѭӧQJFKӗLYjUӉFӓQyLFKXQJ
.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\WUӑQJOѭӧQJFKӗL ÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩW6 'LDWRPLWH YjWKҩS
QKҩWӣ6 &iW 7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDWURQJWKӕQJNr7UӑQJOѭӧQJ
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ELӋWFyêQJKƭD so YӟLFiF17FzQOҥL.
35
;pWYӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓ'ӵDYjREҧQJb.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\WUӑQJ
OѭӧQJ FKӗL FӫD 7LI(DJOH FDR KѫQ 7LIGZDUI 9Ӆ WUӑQJ OѭӧQJ UӉ 7LIGZDUI Fy WUӑQJ
OѭӧQJOӟQ KѫQ7LI(DJOH
6DXWKiQJWUӗQJWLӃSWөFOҩ\PүXÿӧWÿӇÿRVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDORҥLFӓFNJQJ
QKѭҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDFiFORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDWӯQJJLӕQJFӓ
.ӃWTXҧOҩ\PүXÿӧWÿѭӧFWKӇKLrQFөWKӇTXDEҧQJDYjE
%ҧQJD ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQPұWÿӝ FӫDFKӗLYjFKLӅXGjLUӉVDX
ngày WUӗQJ
;pWYӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓWUrQQӅQFӫDORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩW sau 60 ngày
WUӗQJ 'ӵD YjR EҧQJ D .ӃW TXҧ FKR WKҩ\ PұW ÿӝ FKӗL ÿҥW FDR QKҩW WҥL 69
(Diatomite ± 7LI(DJOH WKҩSQKҩWӣ 69 &iW ± Tifdwarf) và có Vӵ NKiFELӋW Fyê
QJKƭDÿӕLYӟL1769*LӳDFiF17FzQOҥLVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭD&KLӅXGjL
UӉ ÿҥW FDR QKҩW WҥL 69 6FRULD ± Tifdwarf WKҩS QKҩW WҥL 69 /LPRQLWH ±
7LI(DJOH 7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDJLӳDFiF17FKLӅXGjLUӉ
9ӅWUXQJEuQKFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQPұWÿӝFKӗLYjFKLӅXGjLUӉFӓQyLFKXQJ
.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\PұWÿӝFKӗLÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩW6 (Scoria YjWKҩSQKҩWӣ6
(Cát). 176FyVӵNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL176VӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭD
VRYӟLFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩWFzQOҥL&KLӅX GjLUӉÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩWS3 (Scoria) và
WKҩSQKҩWӣ6 'LDWRPLWH) và VӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭD JLӳDFiF17
36
9ӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓ'ӵDYjREҧQJ4D.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\PұWÿӝ
FKӗLFӫD7LI(DJOHFDRKѫQ7LIGZDUI9ӅFKLӅXGjLUӉ7ifdwDUIFyUӉGjLKѫQ7LI(DJOH
7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWQj\NK{QJFyêQJKƭD
6DXNKLÿӃPPұWÿӝFKӗLVӱGөQJFKӗLQj\ÿӇÿRWURQJOѭӧQJFKӗLYjVӱGөQJ
UӉQj\ÿӇÿRWURQJOѭӧQJNK{UӉ
%ҧQJE ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQWURQJOѭӧQJNK{ FӫDFKӗLYjUӉsau 60
ngày WUӗQJ
'ӵDYjREҧQJE9ӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓWUrQQӅQFӫDORҥLKӛQKӧS
ÿҩW VDX 0 QJj\ WUӗQJ .ӃW TXҧ FKR WKҩ\ WUӑQJ OѭӧQJ FKӗL ÿҥW FDR QKҩW WҥL 6V2
(Diatomite ± TifEagle), thҩSQKҩWӣ69 &iW± Tifdwarf). 1769FyVӵNKiFELӋW
FyêQJKƭDVRYӟLFiF1769696969YjNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDÿӕL
YӟL FiF17 FzQ OҥL 7UӑQJ UӉ ÿҥW FDR QKҩW WҥL 69 &iW ± 7LIGZDUI WKҩS QKҩW WҥL
S2V2 (Diatomite ± 7LI(DJOH YjFyVӵNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDJLӳD17Qj\NKiFELӋW
không FyêQJKƭDJLӳD69YӟLFiF17FzQOҥL
;pWYӅ WUXQJEuQKFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩW OrQ WUӑQJ OѭӧQJFKӗLYj UӉFӓQyLFKXQJ.ӃW
TXҧFKRWKҩ\WUӑQJOѭӧQJFKӗLÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩW6 (Scoria YjWKҩSQKҩWӣ
6 &iW 7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDWURQJWKӕQJNr7UӑQJOѭӧQJUӉÿҥW
FDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩW6 6FRULD YjWKҩSQKҩWӣ6 'LDWRPLWH YjFyVӵNKiFELӋWFy
êQJKƭDVRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥL
;pWYӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓ'ӵDYjREҧQJE.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\WUӑQJ
OѭӧQJFKӗL FӫD7LI(DJOHFDRKѫQ7LIGZDUIYjVӵNKiFELӋWUҩWFyêQJKƭDWURQJWKӕQJ
37
kê. 9ӅWUӑQJOѭӧQJUӉ7LIGZDUIFyWUӑQJOѭӧQJOӟQKѫQ7LI(DJOH 7X\QKLrQVӵNKiF
ELӋWJLӳDJLӕQJFӓQj\NK{QJFyêQJKƭDWURQJWKӕQJNr
6DX QJj\WLӃSWөFOҩ\PүXYjSKkQWtFKVLQKWUѭӣQJFӓ.ӃWTXҧFөWKӇÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQ
ӣEҧQJDYjE
%ҧQJa ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDFKӗLYjUӉVDX 0
WUӗQJ
;pWYӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓWUrQQӅQFӫDORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDX 0 ngày
WUӗQJ 'ӵD YjR EҧQJ D .ӃW TXҧ FKR WKҩ\ PұW ÿӝ FKӗL ÿҥW FDR QKҩW WҥL 6V2
(Scoria ± TifEagle), thҩS QKҩW ӣ 69 &iW ± Tifdwarf). 17 69 Fy Vӵ NKiF ELӋW
NK{QJFyêQJKƭDÿӕL YӟL1769 Yj NKiF ELӋW FyêQJKƭD VR YӟL FiF17FzQ OҥL
&KLӅXGjLUӉÿҥWFDRQKҩWWҥL6V1 (Cát ± Tifdwarf), tKҩSQKҩWWҥL69 /LPRQLWH±
7LI(DJOH 7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDJLӳDFiF17YӅFKLӅXGjLUӉ
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.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\PұWÿӝFKӗLÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩW6 6FRULD YjWKҩSQKҩWӣ6
(Cát). Tuy nhiên, JLӳD17S2, S3, S4 NKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭD và 3 NT này khác
ELӋWFyêQJKƭDYӟL6 &KLӅXGjLUӉÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩW6 &iW) YjWKҩSQKҩWӣ
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QJKƭDJLӳDFiF17666Yj66
9ӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓ'ӵDYjREҧQJD.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\PұWÿӝ
FKӗLFӫD7LI(DJOHFDRKѫQ7LIGZDUIYjVӵNKiFNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭDJLӳDJLӕQJFӓ
38
này. 9ӅFKLӅXGjL UӉ7LIGZDUI FyUӉGjLKѫQ7LI(DJOH7X\QKLrQVӵNKiFELӋWQj\
FNJQJ có êQJKƭD trong WKӕQJNr.
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WUӗQJ
9ӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFӫDJLӕQJFӓWUrQQӅQFӫDORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDX QJj\WUӗQJ
'ӵDYjREҧQJD.ӃWTXҧFKRWKҩ\WUӑQJOѭӧQJFKӗLÿҥWFDRQKҩWWҥL6V2
(Scoria ± 7LI(DJOH WKҩS QKҩWӣ69 &iW± Tifdwarf). 7UӑQJ OѭӧQJ UӉÿҥWFDR
QKҩWWҥL69 6FRULD± 7LIGZDUI WKҩSQKҩWWҥL69 /LPRQLWH± TifEagle), khác
ELӋWFyêQJKƭDVRYӟL69Yj699jVRYӟLFiF17FzQOҥLVӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJ
FyêQJKƭDWKӕQJNrĈӕLYӟLWUӑQJOѭӧQJUӉ1769FyVӵNKiFELӋWFyêQJKƭD
YӟLFiF17FzQOҥL&iF1766Yj6VӵVDLNKiFNK{QJFyêQJKƭD
;pWYӅWUXQJEuQKFӫDFiFKӛQKӧSÿҩWOrQWUӑQJOѭӧQJFKӗLYjUӉFӓQyLFKXQJ7UӑQJ
OѭӧQJFKӗLÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧSÿҩW6 (Scoria YjWKҩSQKҩWӣ6 &iW 7X\QKLrQ
VӵNKiFELӋWNK{QJFyêQJKƭDWURQJWKӕQJNr7UӑQJOѭӧQJUӉÿҥWFDRQKҩWӣKӛQKӧS
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17FzQOҥL
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39
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OѭӧQJNK{FӫDFKӗLUӉYjFKӅXGjLUӉ 9ӅVLQKWUѭӣQJFKӗLFӓTifEagle FyPұWÿӝFDR
KѫQWUӑQJOѭӧQJFKӗLFNJQJOӟQKѫQ7X\QKLrQYӅPһWVLQKWUѭӣQJUӉWKuQJѭӧFOҥLEӝ
UӉFӫD7LIGZDUISKiWWULӇQNKiKѫQ7yPOҥLORҥLFӓ7LI(DJOHFyNKҧQăQJVLQKWUѭӣQJ
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7URQJWKӡLJLDQÿҫXPұWÿӝFKӗLFDRӣWUrQORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩWDiatomite và trên
QӅQJLӕQJFӓ7LI(DJOH. Tuy nhiên,
5.2 .KX\ӃQFiRYjÿӅQJKӏ
'ӵDYjRNӃWTXҧWKtQJKLӋPFKRWKҩ\NKRiQJ6FRULDFKRVLQKWUѭӣQJFӓWӕWQKҩW
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7,ӂ1*$1+
1. Amanda Cook, C.A. Marriott, W. Seel and C.E. Mullins. 1996. Effects of soil
mechanical impedance on root and shoot growth of Lolium perenne L., Agrostis
capillaris and Trifolium repens L. J. Experimental Botany, Vol. 47, No. 301,
pp. 1075-1084.
2. American Society of Agronomy. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. 1143 pp.
41
3. Baker, S.W. & Hacker, J.W. 1988. The use of peat in a Prunty-Mulqueen sand
carpet construction: effects of application rate and depth. J. Sports Turf Res.
Inst. 64: 87-98.
4. Baker, S.W 1984. Long-term effects of three amendment materials on moisture
retention characteristics of a sand-soil mix. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 60:61-65.
5. Baker, S.W 1999. The effects of sand type and rootzone amendments on golf
green performance. I. Soil properties. J. Turfgrass Sci. 75:2-17.
6. Bigelow, C.A., D. Bowman, and K. Cassel. 2000. Sand-based rootzone
modification with inorganic soil amendments and sphagnum peat moss. USGA
Green Section Record 38(4):7-13
7. Bigelow, C. A., n Bowman, and K. Cassel. 2004. Physical properties of three
sand size classes amended with inorganic materials of sphagnum peat moss for
putting green root-zones. Crop Sci. 44:900-907.
8. Bingaman, D.E., and H. Kohnke. 1970. Evaluating sands for athletic turf.
Agron. J. 62:464±467.
9. Breese, R.O.Y. 1994. Diatomite, Industrial Minerals and Rocks. Carr (Ed),
SMME, Colorado 425: 397-412.
10. Brown, K. W, and R. L. DubIe. 1975. Physical characteristics of soil mixtures
used for golf green construction. Agron. 67:647-652.
11. Brosnan and Deputy. 2008. Bermudagrass. Deparment of Tropical Plant and
soil sciences. TM5.
12. C-H. Ok, Anderson, Erik Ervin, Brad Fresenburg, Dunn, Chad C. Follis. 2001.
Amendments and construction systems for improving the performance of sand-
based greens. MU Turgrass Center, pp. 19-22.
13. Cook, A., and S.W Baker. 1998. Effects organic amendments on selected
physical and chemical properties of rootzones for golf greens. J. of Turfgrass
Sci. 74:2-10.
14. Crawley, W, and n Zabcik. 1985. Golf green construction using perlite as an
amendment. Golf Course Management 53(7):44-52.
15. Darren Moore (M.Ag.Sc.). 2010. Off-type bermudagrass - a closer look.
Sustainable Turfgrass Management in Asia
16. David M. Kopec. 2003. The history of bermudagrass. Extension Turfgrass
Specialist. Volume IX, Issue No. 1
42
17. Duble RL. 2010. Bermudagrass. The Sports Turf of the South. Texas
Cooperative Extension, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX.
18. G. W. Prettyman and E. L. McCoy. 2003. Profile Layering, Root Zone
Permeability, and Slope Affect on Soil Water Content during Putting Green
Drainage. Crop Sci. 43:985±994.
19. Hadjar, H. Hamdi, B. Jaber, M. Brendlé, J Kessaissia, Z. Balard, H.; Donnet, J.B. ,
2007. Elaboration and characterisation of new mesoporous materials from
diatomite and charcoal, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials.
20. Jason Habeck and Nick Christians, Ph.D. 2000. Time alters greens' key
characteristics. Golf Course Management. 54-60.
21. J.G. Davis and C.R. Wilson. 2007. Choosing a soil amendment. 5pp
22. Marvin. 1955. When you build a putting green make sure the soil mixture is a good
one. USGA Journal and Turf Management. pp 26-29.
23. McCarty, L.B. 1995. Bermudagrass for Florida Lawns In Florida Lawn
Handbook.
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Extension Service, University of Florida.
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for root zone mixes. Golf Course Management. 70-74.
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Department of Irrigation and Soils 6(3).
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amendments on the hydraulic conductivity of three sands used for turf grass
soils. J. of Sports Turf Res. Inst. 46:22-32.
28. Trenholm, J. L. Cisar, J. B. Unruh. 1991. Bermudagrass for Florida Lawns.
Environmental
29. Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. website at
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As An Amendment. Golf Course Management. pp 44-52.
31. Wenjing Pang, William T. Crow and Kevin E. Kenworthy. 2010. DNA content of
several bermudagrass accessions in Florida. Journal of Plant Breeding and
Crop Science Vol. 2(11), pp. 339-343
43
32. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999. Soil quality test kit guide. 82pp.
33. USGA Green Section Staff. 1960. Specifications for a method of putting green
construction. USGA Journal of Turfgrass Management 13(5):24-28.
34. USGA Green Section Staff. 1989. Specifications for a method of putting green
construction. Golf House, Far Hills, N.J.
INTERNET
%iFKNKRDWRjQWKѭPӣwww.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/limonite
2. www.profileproducts.com/_media/.../453.Profile_vs._Peat_Brochure_.pdf
6ӣ NKRD KӑF Yj F{QJ QJKӋ %uQK ĈӏQK
giaidoan1991-2000/kyyeu_8.htm
4. Colorado State University.
44
3+Ө/Ө&
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKWӕFÿӝWKҩPFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: TDT
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 9.50332500 1.05592500 23.37
<.0001
Error 14 0.63265833 0.04518988
Corrected Total 23 10.13598333
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE TDT Mean
0.937583 14.75390 0.212579 1.440833
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 0.14880833 0.07440417 1.65
0.2279
S 3 9.30295000 3.10098333 68.62
<.0001
V 1 0.01306667 0.01306667 0.29
0.5992
S*V 3 0.03850000 0.01283333 0.28
0.8361
t Tests (LSD) for TDT
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise
error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.04519
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 0.3654
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 2.2817 6 1
B 1.7967 6 3
C 0.8633 6 4
C
C 0.8217 6 2
45
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKGXQJWUӑQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: DT
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 0.01419583 0.00157731 2.48
0.0619
Error 14 0.00890000 0.00063571
Corrected Total 23 0.02309583
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE DT Mean
0.614649 1.691700 0.025213 1.490417
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 0.00203333 0.00101667 1.60
0.2368
S 3 0.00647917 0.00215972 3.40
0.0479
V 1 0.00003750 0.00003750 0.06
0.8116
S*V 3 0.00564583 0.00188194 2.96
0.0686
t Tests (LSD) for DT
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.000636
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 0.0433
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 1.51000 6 4
A
A 1.50333 6 3
A
A 1.47500 6 1
A
A 1.47333 6 2
46
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKÿӝUӛQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩW EDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: DR
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 20.18418750 2.24268750 2.54
0.0571
Error 14 12.34897500 0.88206964
Corrected Total 23 32.53316250
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE DT Mean
0.620419 2.146526 0.939186 43.75375
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 2.78882500 1.39441250 1.58
0.2404
S 3 9.35981250 3.11993750 3.54
0.0428
V 1 0.04250417 0.04250417 0.05
0.8294
S*V 3 7.99304583 2.66434861 3.02
0.0652
t Tests (LSD) for DT
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.88207
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 1.6142
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 44.4050 6 2
A
A 44.3400 6 1
A
A 43.2500 6 3
A
A 43.0200 6 4
47
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKWӕFÿӝWKҩPFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: TDT
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 6.81100000 0.75677778 11.45
<.0001
Error 14 0.92533333 0.06609524
Corrected Total 23 7.73633333
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE TDT Mean
0.880391 19.57538 0.257090 1.313333
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 0.28093333 0.14046667 2.13
0.1563
S 3 6.12423333 2.04141111 30.89
<.0001
V 1 0.12041667 0.12041667 1.82
0.1985
S*V 3 0.28541667 0.09513889 1.44
0.2734
t Tests (LSD) for TDT
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.066095
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 0.4419
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 2.0217 6 1
B 1.5600 6 3
C 0.8683 6 2
C
C 0.8033 6 4
48
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKGXQJWUӑQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: DT
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 17 123.9037542 7.2884561 2.74
0.1086
Error 6 15.9354417 2.6559069
Corrected Total 23 139.8391958
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE DT Mean
0.886045 3.891771 1.629695 41.87542
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 6.59140833 3.29570417 1.24
0.3540
S 3 74.21571250 24.73857083 9.31
0.0113
KHOI*S 6 28.29192500 4.71532083 1.78
0.2514
V 1 0.56120417 0.56120417 0.21
0.6619
KHOI*V 2 6.06115833 3.03057917 1.14
0.3802
S*V 3 8.18234583 2.72744861 1.03
0.4448
t Tests (LSD) for DT
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 6
Error Mean Square 0.001768
Critical Value of t 3.70743
Least Significant Difference 0.09
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 1.61667 6 4
A
B A 1.53167 6 3
B A
B A 1.53000 6 2
B
B 1.48333 6
49
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKÿӝUӛQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: DR
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 89.5506708 9.9500745 2.77
0.0427
Error 14 50.2885250 3.5920375
Corrected Total 23 139.8391958
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE DR Mean
0.640383 4.525966 1.895267 41.87542
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 6.59140833 3.29570417 0.92
0.4222
S 3 74.21571250 24.73857083 6.89
0.0044
V 1 0.56120417 0.56120417 0.16
0.6986
S*V 3 8.18234583 2.72744861 0.76
0.5353
t Tests (LSD) for DR
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 3.592038
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 3.2574
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 44.003 6 1
A
B A 42.213 6 2
B A
B A 42.173 6 3
B
B 39.112 6 4
50
PKөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKS+FӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: pH
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 0.45041667 0.05004630 6.62
0.0010
Error 14 0.10583333 0.00755952
Corrected Total 23 0.55625000
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE pH Mean
0.809738 1.329951 0.086946 6.537500
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 0.00750000 0.00375000 0.50
0.6192
S 3 0.28791667 0.09597222 12.70
0.0003
V 1 0.05041667 0.05041667 6.67
0.0217
S*V 3 0.10458333 0.03486111 4.61
0.0191
t Tests (LSD) for pH
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.00756
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 0.1494
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 6.71667 6 1
B 6.53333 6 2
B
B 6.46667 6 4
B
B 6.43333 6 3
51
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFK&(&FӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: NONGDOCEC
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 56.24220000 18.74740000 57.64
<.0001
Error 8 2.60180000 0.32522500
Corrected Total 11 58.84400000
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE NONGDO Mean
0.955785 11.63847 0.570285 4.900000
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 56.24220000 18.74740000 57.64
<.0001
t Tests (LSD) for NONGDO
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 0.325225
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 1.5624
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 8.5633 3 C-S
B 4.4233 3 C-D
B
B 3.4133 3 C-L
B
B 3.2000 3 C
52
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFK20FӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: OM
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 0.68589167 0.22863056 38.26
<.0001
Error 8 0.04780000 0.00597500
Corrected Total 11 0.73369167
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE OM Mean
0.934850 3.996456 0.077298 1.934167
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 0.68589167 0.22863056 38.26
<.0001
t Tests (LSD) for OM
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 0.005975
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 0.2118
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 2.32000 3 C-D
B 1.93667 3 C-L
B
C B 1.78667 3 C-S
C
C 1.69333 3 C
53
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJÿҥPGӉWLrXWURQJKӛQKӧSEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: N
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 25.57203750 2.84133750 10.61
<.0001
Error 14 3.74972500 0.26783750
Corrected Total 23 29.32176250
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE N Mean
0.872118 17.64057 0.517530 2.933750
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 1.32407500 0.66203750 2.47
0.1204
S 3 24.05904583 8.01968194 29.94
<.0001
V 1 0.06720417 0.06720417 0.25
0.6242
S*V 3 0.12171250 0.04057083 0.15
0.9270
t Tests (LSD) for N
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.267838
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 0.8895
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 3.8817 6 4
A
A 3.7500 6 3
B 2.7183 6 2
C 1.3850 6 1
54
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJOkQGӉWLrXWURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: P
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 435.9023583 145.3007861 27.17
0.0002
Error 8 42.7783333 5.3472917
Corrected Total 11 478.6806917
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE P Mean
0.910633 13.83786 2.312421 16.71083
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 435.9023583 145.3007861 27.17
0.0002
t Tests (LSD) for P
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 5.347292
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 6.3353
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 24.090 3 C-S
A
A 21.207 3 C-L
B 11.027 3 C
B
B 10.520 3 C-D
55
3KөOөF %ҧQJSKkQWtFKKjPOѭӧQJ&DWURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: Ca
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 627324.0567 209108.0189 25.42
0.0002
Error 8 65808.3733 8226.0467
Corrected Total 11 693132.4300
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Ca Mean
0.905057 14.58043 90.69756 622.0500
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 627324.0567 209108.0189 25.42
0.0002
t Tests (LSD) for Ca
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 8226.047
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 248.48
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 1004.60 3 C-S
B 589.30 3 C-D
B
B 463.13 3 C-L
B
B 431.17 3 C
56
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJ0JWURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: Mg
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 189307.7270 63102.5757 133.79
<.0001
Error 8 3773.1133 471.6392
Corrected Total 11 193080.8404
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Mg Mean
0.980458 13.67916 21.71726 158.7617
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 189307.7270 63102.5757 133.79
<.0001
t Tests (LSD) for Mg
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 471.6392
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 59.498
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 373.93 3 C-S
B 116.20 3 C-D
B
B 79.35 3 C-L
B
B 65.56 3 C
57
3KөOXF +jPOѭӧQJ.WURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWEDQÿҫX
Dependent Variable: K
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 1517.662300 505.887433 1.89
0.2091
Error 8 2137.033200 267.129150
Corrected Total 11 3654.695500
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE K Mean
0.415264 14.67087 16.34409 111.4050
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 1517.662300 505.887433 1.89
0.2091
t Tests (LSD) for K
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 267.1291
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 44.777
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 129.63 3 C-D
A
A 111.80 3 C-L
A
A 102.24 3 C
A
A 101.94 3 C-S
58
3KөOөF S+FӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXWUӗQJQJj\
Dependent Variable: pH
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 0.67767083 0.07529676 2.55
0.0568
Error 14 0.41399167 0.02957083
Corrected Total 23 1.09166250
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE PH Mean
0.620770 2.699026 0.171962 6.371250
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 0.30767500 0.15383750 5.20
0.0204
S 3 0.19497917 0.06499306 2.20
0.1337
V 1 0.05703750 0.05703750 1.93
0.1866
S*V 3 0.11797917 0.03932639 1.33
0.3043
t Tests (LSD) for pH
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.029571
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 0.2955
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 6.50333 6 4
A
A 6.38333 6 1
A
A 6.34667 6 2
A
A 6.25167 6 3
59
3KөOөF &KҩWKӳXFѫWURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: OM
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 1.01753333 0.33917778 39.48
<.0001
Error 8 0.06873333 0.00859167
Corrected Total 11 1.08626667
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE OM Mean
0.936725 4.626851 0.092691 2.003333
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 1.01753333 0.33917778 39.48
<.0001
t Tests (LSD) for OM
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 0.008592
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 0.2539
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 2.44000 3 C-D
B 2.09000 3 C-L
C 1.78667 3 C-S
C
C 1.69667 3 C
60
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJ&(&WURQJÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: CEC
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 49.85930000 16.61976667 71.61
<.0001
Error 8 1.85666667 0.23208333
Corrected Total 11 51.71596667
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE CEC Mean
0.964099 8.804452 0.481750 5.471667
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 49.85930000 16.61976667 71.61
<.0001
t Tests (LSD) for CEC
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 0.232083
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 1.3198
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 8.7900 3 C-S
B 4.9767 3 C-L
B
B 4.8900 3 C-D
C 3.2300 3 C
61
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJÿҥPGӉWLrXWURQJÿҩWVDXNKLQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: N
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 21.79408750 2.42156528 11.93
<.0001
Error 14 2.84180833 0.20298631
Corrected Total 23 24.63589583
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE N Mean
0.884648 15.91780 0.450540 2.830417
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 0.38685833 0.19342917 0.95
0.4093
S 3 21.23554583 7.07851528 34.87
<.0001
t Tests (LSD) for N
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 0.202986
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 0.7743
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 3.6900 6 4
A
B A 3.5217 6 3
B
B 2.8033 6 2
C 1.3067 6 1
62
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJOkQGӉWLrXWURQJÿҩWVDXNKLQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: P
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 520.7361000 173.5787000 25.70
0.0002
Error 8 54.0296667 6.7537083
Corrected Total 11 574.7657667
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE N Mean
0.905997 12.53133 2.598790 20.73833
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 520.7361000 173.5787000 25.70
0.0002
t Tests (LSD) for P
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 6.753708
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 7.1198
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 27.990 3 C-L
A
A 26.390 3 C-S
B 15.990 3 C-D
B
B 12.583 3 C
63
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJ&DWURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: Ca
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 658267.8158 219422.6053 40.61
<.0001
Error 8 43230.3267 5403.7908
Corrected Total 11 701498.1425
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Ca Mean
0.938374 11.57053 73.51048 635.3250
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 658267.8158 219422.6053 40.61
<.0001
t Tests (LSD) for Ca
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 5403.791
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 201.39
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 1026.23 3 C-S
B 605.87 3 C-D
B
B 469.13 3 C-L
B
B 440.07 3 C
64
3KөOөc 21 +jPOѭӧQJ0JWURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: Mg
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 62511.18053 20837.06018 30.23
0.0001
Error 8 5514.11733 689.26467
Corrected Total 11 68025.29787
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Mg Mean
0.918940 19.39175 26.25385 135.3867
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 62511.18053 20837.06018 30.23
0.0001
t Tests (LSD) for Mg
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 689.2647
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 71.927
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 252.40 3 C-S
B 135.30 3 C-D
B
B 89.35 3 C-L
B
B 64.49 3 C
65
3KөOөF +jPOѭӧQJ.WURQJKӛQKӧSÿҩWVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: K
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 3 2379.136667 793.045556 2.41
0.1421
Error 8 2630.873333 328.859167
Corrected Total 11 5010.010000
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE K Mean
0.474877 15.16895 18.13447 119.5500
Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
NT 3 2379.136667 793.045556 2.41
0.1421
t Tests (LSD) for K
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 8
Error Mean Square 328.8592
Critical Value of t 3.35539
Least Significant Difference 49.682
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N NT
A 139.90 3 C-D
A
A 122.00 3 C
A
A 115.67 3 C-L
A
A 100.63 3 C-S
66
3KөOөF 0ұWÿӝFKӗLVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: MDC
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 895777060 99530784 4.25
0.0080
Error 14 328230665 23445047
Corrected Total 23 1224007725
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE MDC Mean
0.731839 12.17114 4842.009 39782.71
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 360423714.6 180211857.3 7.69
0.0056
S 3 204434590.5 68144863.5 2.91
0.0718
V 1 329885935.0 329885935.0 14.07
0.0021
S*V 3 1032820.1 344273.4 0.01
0.9975
t Tests (LSD) for MDC
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 23445047
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 8321.9
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 43967 6 2
A
A 40961 6 3
A
A 37732 6 4
A
A 36471 6 1
t Tests (LSD) for MDC
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 23445047
67
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 5884.4
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N V
A 43490 12 2
B 36075 12 1
Dependent Variable: MDC
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 895777060 99530784 4.25
0.0080
Error 14 328230665 23445047
Corrected Total 23 1224007725
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE MDC Mean
0.731839 12.17114 4842.009 39782.71
Source DF Type I SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 360423714.6 180211857.3 7.69
0.0056
SV 7 535353345.6 76479049.4 3.26
0.0284
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for TLR
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise
error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 23445047
Number of Means 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Critical Range 11769 12274 12601 12835 13011 13149
13259
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
Duncan Grouping Mean N SV
A 47490 3 S2V2
A
B A 44458 3 S3V2
B A
B A 41726 3 S4V2
B A
68
B A 40444 3 S2V1
B A
B A 40287 3 S1V2
B A
B A 37464 3 S3V1
B
B 33739 3 S4V1
B
B 32654 3 S1V1
3KөOөF 0ұWÿӝFKӗLVDXQJj\WUӗQJ
Dependent Variable: MDC
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 1689283193 187698133 2.64
0.0503
Error 14 994692085 71049435
Corrected Total 23 2683975278
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE MDC Mean
0.629396 10.39998 8429.083 81049.00
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 9532987 4766493 0.07
0.9354
S 3 485535737 161845246 2.28
0.1243
V 1 1029371820 1029371820 14.49
0.0019
S*V 3 164842649 54947550 0.77
0.5280
t Tests (LSD) for MDC
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 71049435
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 14487
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N S
A 86059 6 3
A
A 83863 6 2
A
A 80078 6 4
69
A
A 74196 6 1
t Tests (LSD) for MDC
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 71049435
Critical Value of t 2.97684
Least Significant Difference 10244
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping Mean N V
A 87598 12 2
B 74500 12 1
Dependent Variable: MDC
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 1689283193 187698133 2.64
0.0503
Error 14 994692085 71049435
Corrected Total 23 2683975278
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE TLR Mean
0.629396 10.39998 8429.083 81049.00
Source DF Type I SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 9532987 4766493 0.07
0.9354
SV 7 1679750206 239964315 3.38
0.0251
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for MDC
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
experimentwise
Error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 14
Error Mean Square 71049435
Number of Means 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Critical Range 20488 21366 21936 22344 22650 22890
23082
70
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
Duncan Grouping Mean N SV
A 94490 3 S2V2
A
B A 92275 3 S3V2
B A
B A 86118 3 S4V2
B A
B A 79843 3 S3V1
B A
B A 77510 3 S1V2
B A
B A 74039 3 S4V1
B A
B A 73235 3 S2V1
B
B 70882 3 S1V1
3KөOөF 0ұWÿӝFKӗLVDXWUӗQJ QJj\
Dependent Variable: DR
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
Model 9 75.5208333 8.3912037 3.15
0.0269
Error 14 37.3125000 2.6651786
Corrected Total 23 112.8333333
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE DR Mean
0.669313 10.15049 1.632537 16.08333
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
KHOI 2 16.52083333 8.26041667 3.10
0.0768
S 3 35.50000000 11.83333333 4.44
0.0216
V 1 22.04166667 22.04166667 8.27
0.0122
S*V 3 1.45833333 0.48611111 0.18
0.9066
t Tests (LSD) for DR
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
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