Hoàng thành Thăng Long những phát hiện mới của khảo cổ học

   KR}QJWK}QKWKvQJORQJQK³QJSK€WKL•QPêLFưDNK~RFÊKĂF ˆệRKàQJ   &XẫFNKDLTXôWNK–RFặKÄFWếWK˜QJŽàQQD\YÍLK•QJY™QP°W YX‹QJậNKXYÙFGÙNLàQ[‰\GÙQJ1K•4XẩFKẫLY•+ẫL WUấQJ%D‡ãQK PÍLŽõSK˜WOẫPẫWSKỉFKẻSGLWẵFKY•GLYôWSKRQJSKểFẹD+R•QJWK•QK 7KˆQJ/RQJ[DŽẻFJLÍLNKRDKÄFKàWVỉFTXDQW‰PY•ŽẻFGOXôQFKể í7KấLJLDQJĐQŽ‰\E˜RFKẵWURQJQÍFŽõYLàWQKL²X7™SFKẵ1&/6WU‰Q WUÄQJJLÍLWKLảXE•LYLàWFẹDW˜FJL–‡•R+ẽQJGÙDWUŠQPẫWVẩE˜RF˜RFẹD F˜FQK•NK–RFặKÄFY•VệKÄFE•QY²QKìQJSK˜WKLảQŽÃQK›PFXQJFêS FKRE™QŽÄFPẫWF˜LQKãQWặQJTX˜WY²NàWTX–FẹDFXẫFNKDLTXôW    3Kẵ7ÀQJEL„QWƠS7“SFKã;‡D 1D\ KRˆ¯QQD\QKẹQJGLWãFKFậDWKQK 7K‚QJ/RQJY+1ÃL[‡DFK²FạQ O“LWU„QWUẻF%˜F1DPFậDWUXQJWƒP.LQK WKQKFèẵOWUẻFFậDWKQK7K‚QJ/RQJ WẽWKÄL/ì7UĂQ/„YFậDWKQK+1ÃLGR QK1JX\đQ[ƒ\GểQJO“LWKHRNLưX9DXEDQ WUẫP O„Q NLQK WKQK Fè 1K‡ YƠ\ 7K‚QJ /RQJ+1ÃL[‡DFK²FạQO“LQKẹQJY¯WWãFK NK…QJFèO˜POƒXQKÔWWK±FèQJOKDLWK¯ Nế 1KẹQJ Y¯W WãFK FạQ O“L Q¯X ˆL WKHR K‡ầQJ%˜F1DP WD Vâ WKÔ\ Fẵ FÀQJ WKQK SKãD %˜F &KãQK %˜F0…Q KL°Q Q•P YHQ ˆ‡ÄQJ3KDQ±QK3KẫQJ/ẫLYRPÃWFKÍW O +ƠX /ƒX P 3K’S JắL O /ĂX &…QJ FKÍD QK‡QJ NL¯Q WUÍF ˆà Eá EL¯Q G“QJ QKLơX.KRFÀKắFˆàWK’PV’WV†EÃNKX YểFQ\WKHR*67UĂQ4XÂF9‡ẩQJWK±ˆƒ\ Fẵ WKư O PÃW E¯Q ˆÁ Å SKãD E˜F +RQJ WKQK WK…QJ YầL V…QJ 7… /áFK FK\ TXD ˆ‡ÄQJ4X’Q7K’QK7Kẻ\.KX„7L¯Sˆ¯Q OˆL°Q.ãQK7KL„QFK²FạQO“LY¯WWãFKFậD EƠFFÔSYầLEÂQGà\U¿QJˆ’Q†Lˆƒ\ˆàWUÅ WKQKF‚QFềFậD7ÀQJKQKGLQK4XƒQˆÃL 1KƒQ GƒQ 9L°W 1DP WURQJ WKÄL NK’QJ FKL¯Q FKÂQJ 0ệ ;XÂQJ SKãD 1DP FạQ Fẵ RDQ0…QYầLQ‚PFÀQJ[ƒ\E•QJˆ’&XÂL FẫQJ O &ÃW &Ä P QK 1JX\đQ ˆà SK’ FÀQJ7DP0…QFậDWKQK7K‚QJ/RQJ[‡D ˆư[ƒ\WUẫPO„Q ư[’FˆáQKYáWUãYTX\P…FậDWKQK 7K‚QJ /RQJ+ 1ÃL [‡D JLầL Vé KắF Y NKRFÀKắF OƒXQD\FK² F‚QFềYRQKẹQJ Y¯W WãFK FạQ O“L WU„Q P W ˆÔW FÃQJ YầL QKẹQJˆáDGDQKYWK‡WáFKFạQO“LˆưˆáQK YáPÃWYLNL¯QWUÍFYUDQKJLầLFậD.LQK WKQK9ãQK‡F’FW„QSK±QK1JDQJY &ÔP&K²Wẽˆƒ\FKRWDEL¯WˆẵOQ†LGẽQJ &   1JKL€QFắX/ƯFKVẳV¯ O“LˆưNLưPVR’WWKăELWU‡ầFNKLYRNKX FÔPFậD.LQKWKQK1K‡YƠ\FÀQJWKQK SKãD 1DP SKL Q•P JĂQ Nơ ˆẵ Y WKQK 7K‚QJ /RQJ [‡D Fẵ WKư [’F ˆáQK YR NKRQJ SKãD %˜F O„Q ˆ¯Q ˆ‡ÄQJ 4X’Q 7K’QK SKãD 1DP NKRQJ FKẩ &éD 1DP NêRˆ¯Q+QJÊ\1JX\đQ7K’L+ắFSKãD …QJ ˆ¯Q SKÂ/àQ~QJ Y SKãD7ƒ\ VDQJ ˆ¯Q1JắF+1KẹQJEQˆ¿FèFậD7K‚QJ /RQJ Wẽ WKÄL /„+¿QJềF Yâ Q‚P ˆ¯Q WKÄL1JX\đQ YâQ‚PPFKÍQJ WD ˆà Fẵ WURQJ WD\ FèQJ [’F QKƠQ ˆáD JLầL QK‡YƠ\FậD.LQKWKQK 1KẳQJ G•X YŸW Ä SK‹W KL Q G€³L OƯQJ•W 7URQJJĂQPÃW WK¯NếTXDQKẹQJSK’W KL°QFậDNKRFÀKắFTXDQKNKXYểF.LQK WKQK ˆà Kê PÅ QKLơX WK…QJ WLQ TXDQ WUắQJ1K‡QJSKĂQ OầQˆƒ\ OQKẹQJ FXÃF NKDL TXƠW Fẵ TX\ P… QKằ NK…QJ ˆậ ˆư QKƠQGL°QF’FGLWãFKNL¯QWUÍF9±YƠ\G‡ầL OạQJˆÔW+1ÃLFạQO‡XGÔXQKLơXEãÂQYơ .LQKˆ…7K‚QJ/RQJ[‡D ĂX WL„Q SKL Nư ˆ¯Q F…QJ FXÃF [ƒ\ GểQJ + 1ÃL FậD QJ‡ÄL 3K’S Kắ ˆà FKR SK’WKQKQK1JX\đQˆưEL¯QWKQKNKX YểFTXƒQVểˆ¿QJWKÄLVDQOÔSYSK’Kậ\ QKLơXNL¯QWUÍFFÀ7L¯Sˆ¯QOQKẹQJF…QJ WU±QK [ƒ\ GểQJ OầQ FậD 3K’S ˜W K–Q ˆà ˆÃQJˆ¯QQKLơXQơQPẵQJFậD.LQKWKQK [‡D QK‡ 3Kậ 7RQ TX\ơQ 7U‡ÄQJ WUXQJ KắF$OEHUW6DUUDXWˆơXQ•PWURQJNKXYểF KRQJ WKQK [‡D 1K QJK° WKXƠW KắF /RXLV%H]DFLHUNKLQJKL„QFềXPÃWVÂKL°Q YƠW E•QJ JÂP Y ˆ’ W±P WKÔ\ Å + 1ÃL NK…QJ KLưX GR NKDL TXƠW NKR FÀ KD\ GR SK’WKL°QW±QKFÄˆàˆ WW„QFKRFKÍQJO QJK°WKXƠW“L/D1KƠQˆáQKQ\ˆàˆ‡ẩF QKLơXQKQJKL„QFềXQJK°WKXƠWE’FEằY± WURQJˆẵ…QJˆàQKĂPOÊQF’FKL°QYƠWWKÄL WLơQ7K‚QJ/RQJYầLF’FKL°QYƠWWKÄL/ìY NK’L QL°P 9‚Q KẵD “L /D WKHR …QJ O Y‚Q KẵD 7UXQJ +RD LơX Q\ FKềQJ Wằ G‡ầLWKÄL3K’SWKXÃFˆàFẵPÃWVÂKL°QYƠW G‡ầL OạQJ ˆÔW + 1ÃL ˆ‡ẩF NKDL TXƠW QK‡QJFK‡Dˆ‡ẩFQJKL„QFềXUẳUQJ 7ẽ NKL WL¯S TXQ WKậ ˆ… Q‚P  FKÍQJ WD FèQJ Fẵ PÃW YL F…QJ WU±QK [ƒ\ GểQJOầQWURQJNKXYểF.LQKWKQKFèYL°F ˆRPẵQJ Fẵ WKư ˆà OP Oà QKLơX GÔX Y¯W [‡D G‡ầL OạQJ ˆÔW QK‡QJ EÔ\ JLÄ QKẹQJ QJ‡ÄLTXQOìFK‡DFẵìWKềFJ±QJLẹQKẹQJ GLWãFKˆẵQ„QWÔWFˆàEá[ÍFWKHRˆÔWˆ’ FậDF…QJWU±QK 3KL ˆẩL ˆ¯QQ‚P VDX+L°SˆáQK 3DULV NKL TX\¯W ˆáQK [ƒ\ GểQJ/‚QJ FKậ WáFK +¿ &Kã 0LQK W“L NKX YểF %D ±QK QKẹQJQJ‡ÄLFK²ˆ“RF…QJWU±QKPầLGểFP FĂQˆ¯QVểFẵP WFậDF’QEÃNKRFÀKắF NKL WL¯Q KQK ˆR PẵQJ .¯W TX O ED FKX\„Q JLD NKR FÀ KắF ˆà ˆ‡ẩF PÄL ˆ¯Q FKềQJ NL¯Q F…QJ FXÃF ˆRPẵQJ [ƒ\ GểQJ /‚QJQK‡QJNK…QJˆ‡ẩF[éOìF’FKL°QYƠW SK’WKL°QPFK²ˆẵQJYDLQJ‡ÄLTXDQV’W 7“Lˆƒ\F’FQKNKRFÀKắFˆà WKÔ\ˆ‡ẩF PÃWSKĂQ&éD7ƒ\FậDWKQKWKÄL1JX\đQ FẫQJQKLơXˆR“QWKQKQơQ O OầSˆ’RQJ UÔWG\ WU„Q OJ“FK1JX\đQ OÊQYầLJ“FK Y¿ WKÄL+ƠX /„ 7URQJ ˆẵ Fẵ QKLơX GL YƠW QK‡J“FKQJẵLO‡XO\[DQKYQJˆ¿JÂPVề Wẽ /ì7UĂQ ˆ¯Q /„1JX\đQ Fẵ F [‡†QJ QJ‡ÄL Y [‡†QJ ˆÃQJ YƠW WUƒX Eạ OẩQ /“L FạQ WKÔ\ YL F’L JL¯QJ [ƒ\ E•QJ J“FK *LDQJ7k\4XkQFKẹLQWU„QJ“FKFKềQJ WằˆẵOJ“FKFẵQL„Qˆ“LWKÄLWKXÃF‡ÄQJ WK¯Nế9,,,;YJ“FKFẵLQFKẹ/¯*LDp WDPpŒ/RQJ7KƯ\7KxL%ŽQK WêQLlQ WyR 7ÔWFQKẹQJKL°QYƠWˆẵKL°Qˆ‡ẩF ER TXQ Å ˆƒX FK² Fẵ EDQ FK² KX\ F…QJ WU‡ÄQJK¿LˆẵPầLEL¯WYFèQJNK…QJˆ‡ẩF JLầLNKRDKắFWL¯SFƠQ +R‰QJWK‰QK7K~QJ/RQJ  4XDVểNL°QˆẵFKÍQJWDFẵWKưˆ WFƒX KằL U•QJ OL°XNKL[ƒ\GểQJ+ÃL WU‡ÄQJ%D ±QK KL°Q QD\ QKẹQJ QJ‡ÄL FK² ˆ“R F…QJ WU±QKK¿LˆẵFẵSK’WKL°Qˆ‡ẩFJ±FK‚QJY FẵEDRQKL„XKL°QYƠWˆàˆ‡ẩFNKDLTXƠWP NK…QJDLEL¯Wˆ¯Q"5¿LFạQQKLơXF…QJWU±QK [ƒ\ GểQJ OầQ NK’F WURQJ NKX YểF +RQJ WKQKFèQK‡1KKÃLQJKáTXÂFW¯Åˆ‡ÄQJ /„ +¿QJ 3KRQJ P FKÍQJ WD NK…QJ Kơ EL¯W ˆà WKÔ\ QKẹQJ J± NKL ˆR PẵQJ [ƒ\ GểQJ1‚PNKLTXƒQˆÃLTX\¯WˆáQK JLDR+ƠX /ƒX Y&éD%˜F FKR QJQK ER WQJTXQOì3KãDG‡ầL&éD%˜FKL°QQD\ ˆà W±P WKÔ\PÃW FéD %˜F NK’F FậD WKÄL +ƠX/„UÃQJK†QFK±PVƒXK†QQK‡QJˆà ULQLORQOÔSF’WˆưFKÄPÃWFXÃFNKDLTXƠW Fẵ TX\P… OầQ K†Q4XDQK+ƠX/ƒX FèQJ W±PWKÔ\QKẹQJGÔXY¯WFậDWKÄL/ìYPÃW VÂKL°QYƠWWKÄL+ƠX/„QK‡QJˆàˆ‡ẩFVé GẻQJ O“L YầL F…QJ Q‚QJ NK’F Y FèQJ UL QLORQOÔSF’WFKÄPÃWGáSNKDLTXƠWNK’F 1K‡ YƠ\ FKÍQJ WD SKL FKÄ PÃW WKÄL JLDQNK’OƒXˆưˆ¯QNKLEDQKQK/XƒWGL VvQYjQK–DWK±VểFẵP WFậDJLầLNKRFÀ WURQJ PắL F…QJ WU±QK [ƒ\ GểQJ PầL WUÅ WKQKSK’SO°QK 1KẳQJSK‹WKL QP³L±NKXYắF%D zĂQK &KR ˆ¯Q QD\ FK‡D WẽQJ Fẵ PÃW FXÃF NKDLTXƠWNKRFÀKắFQRÅQ‡ầFWDYNư FÅNKXYểF…QJ1DP‚PDQJPÃW WĂP Fặ OầQ QK‡ YƠ\ ‡ẩF Vể ˆ¿QJ ì FậD 7Kậ W‡ầQJ &KãQK SKậ Wẽ WK’QJ 9L°Q .KR FÀ KắF ˆà WL¯Q KQK NKDL TXƠW NKX YểFGểNL¯QVâ[ƒ\GểQJ1K4XÂFKÃLY +ÃLWU‡ÄQJ%D±QKPầLFẵGL°QWãFKUÃQJ NKRQJ P   ƒ\ O Q†L ˆ‡ẩF JLầL QJKL„Q FềX 6é KắF Y .KR FÀ KắF ˆR’Q ˆáQKQ•PWURQJNKXWUXQJWƒPFậD.LQKˆ… 7K‚QJ /RQJ WUL TXD F’F WKÄL /ì7UĂQ Y /„WẽWK¯Nế;,;9,,,7ãQKˆ¯QWK’QJ  F…QJ WU‡ÄQJ ˆà NKDL TXƠW ˆ‡ẩF P  &XÃFNKDLTXƠWGểNL¯QFK²ˆ‡ẩF WL¯Q KQK WURQJ NKRQJ WKÄL JLDQ FKƠP QKÔW O ˆ¯Q QJ\  ˆư VDX ˆẵ WKL F…QJˆRPẵQJ 7KHR E’R F’R FậD 3*676 7ÂQJ 7UXQJ 7ãQ &Kậ QKL°P Gể ’Q F…QJ WU±QK NKDL TXƠWWK±WU„QWRQNKXYểFYáWUãQRFèQJ [XÔW Oà F’F WĂQJY‚QKẵDFẵFKềDGÔXWãFK OáFK Vé Y Y‚Q KẵD FậD 7K‚QJ /RQJ  + 1ÃL WURQJ NKRQJ K†Q  Q‚P 1K±Q FKXQJWĂQJY‚QKẵDWK‡ÄQJ[XÔWKL°Qňà VƒXNKRQJPWUÅ[XÂQJYG\WẽPˆ¯Q P7“LYáWUãPÃWVÂKÂNKDLTXƠWFẵWKư QKƠQUDˆ‡ẩFGLWãFKFậDF’FWKÄLˆ“LFK¿QJO„Q QKDX9ãGẻWL„XELưXOKÂ%FẵWKưWKÔ\Uẳ WUƠWWểY‚QKẵDTXDF’FWKÄLQK‡VDX 7ẽˆÃVƒXPˆ¯QPˆàJ SOầS Y‚QKẵDWKÄL/„;9;9,,,  7ẽ ˆÃ VƒX P ˆ¯Q P O OầS Y‚Q KẵDWKÄL/ì7UĂQWK¯Nế;,;,97“Lˆƒ\ FạQ Fẵ GÔX WãFKPÃW QơQ J“FK YX…QJ WKÄL 7UĂQ FK¿QJ K–Q O„Q QơQ J“FK YX…QJ WKÄL /ìTXDPÃWOầSˆÔWˆ˜SG\FPFP 7ẽˆÃVƒXPˆ¯QNKRQJK†QP OOầSY‚QKẵDWKÄL“L/DWK¯Nế9,,,; 'ả QKL„Q Vể WKD\ ˆÀL FậD WĂQJ Y‚Q KẵD Å QKLơX Yá WUã NK’F O NK’ SKềF W“S Y NK…QJ JLÂQJQKDXQK‡QJWU„Qˆ“LWKưGLđQWU±QKY‚Q KẵDWL„XELưXFậDGLWãFKOQK‡YƠ\ 7URQJ F’F WĂQJ Y‚Q KẵD ˆơX W±P WKÔ\ QKẹQJGLWãFKNL¯QWUÍFˆ FWU‡QJFKRF’FWKÄL WLơQ7K‚QJ/RQJ/ì7UĂQ+ƠX/„ '‚X W‘FKNLŒQ WUƠFV PQK‚W WKXœF WKŒNư 9,,,;ẵOY¯WWãFKFậDF’FQơQNL¯QWUÍF[¯S E•QJJ“FKPX[’PYF’FFKƒQˆ’WQJà [XÔWKL°QPÃWY¯WWãFKNL¯QWUÍFOầQKL°QFạQ JLẹˆ‡ẩFFÃWJÁˆDQJGểQJWU„QF’FFKƒQˆ’ WQJ&’FFÃWJÁQ\FDRPFKXYLNKRQJ PF’FKQKDXPWãQKWẽWLPFÃWFKLơX   1JKL€QFắX/ƯFKVẳV¯ GL%˜F1DPFậDF’FFÃWJÁQ\NKRQJP ˆLơXˆẵFKRWKÔ\P WE•QJFậDNL¯QWUÍFQ\ NK’OầQ '‚X W‘FK NLŒQ WUƠF WKL /¯ ˆ‡ẩF [’F ˆáQK J¿P Fẵ KDL QơQ NL¯Q WUÍF ˆ‡ẩF SKƒQ F’FK YầL QKDX E•QJPÃW QơQ VƒQ O’W J“FK YX…QJ&KDLGÔXWãFKNL¯QWUÍFQ\Fẵˆ F WU‡QJ O J“FK E±DPX ˆằ Eẵ WKơP Y F’F FKƒQWQJˆ’KRDVHQ&ẵFKƒQˆ’WQJ KRDVHQˆDQJˆ‡ẩFˆ WQJX\„QW“LFKÁWU„Q F’FPẵQJWUẻJLDFÂE•QJVằLYJ“FKYẻQ &KƒQ WQJ K±QK YX…QJ NãFK WK‡ầF FP  FP [ FP  FP P W WQJ K±QK WUạQ ˆ‡ÄQJ NãQK FP  FP [XQJ TXDQK Fẵ FK“P  F’QK VHQ G’QJ WKRQ QêWFK“PWKDQKWÍ/R“L FKƒQWQJF’QK VHQQ\ W‡†QJ WểQK‡ F’F FKƒQWQJKRD VHQÅWK’S7‡ÄQJ/RQJ+L3KạQJQ‚P WK’S&K‡†QJ6†Q1DPáQKQ‚P  &ạQ[XÔW OÃJĂQK¯WPÃWNL¯QWUÍFUÔWOầQ GLWU„QPUÃQJPYầLK†QWUẻPẵQJ K±QK YX…QJ NãFK WK‡ầF P [ P ˆ‡ẩF JLD F E•QJ VằL Y J“FK QJẵL YẻQ .L¯QWUÍFQ\ˆ‡ẩFVéGẻQJWURQJFWKÄL /ìYWKÄL7UĂQ %‡ầF ˆĂX ˆà W±P WKÔ\ TX\P… NK’ KRQ FK²QK PÃW NL¯Q WUÍF Fẵ FKLơX GL K†Q P UÃQJPWKXÃFWKÄL/ì7UĂQYầLK†QPẵQJ WUẻVằLˆ‡ẩFSKƒQWKQKJLDQFK’L 7“LKÂNKDLTXƠWNK’FˆàSK’WKL°QPÃW PQJ QơQ J“FK FạQ QJX\„Q KDL YL„Q J“FK FẵFKẹo/¯*LDpWDPpŒ/RQJ7KƯ\7KxL %ŽQK Wê QLlQ WyRp QJKảD O J“FK ˆ‡ẩF FK¯ W“RˆÄLYXD/ìWKề/ì7K’QK7…QJQL„Q KL°X/RQJ7Kẻ\7K’L%±QKWKề &ạQW±PWKÔ\GÔXWãFKPÃWP…K±QKNL¯Q WUÍF ˆ‡ẩF W“R EÅL  PẵQJ WUẻ WURQJ ˆẵ Fẵ PÃW WUẻ PẵQJ Å JLẹD K±QK YX…QJ [XQJ TXDQK O  WUẻPẵQJ WUạQ %\PẵQJ WUẻ Q\W“RWKQKPÃWP WE•QJNL¯QWUÍFK±QK WUạQˆ‡ÄQJNãQKFP&’FQKQJKL„Q FềX JắL ˆẵ O Y¯W WãFK FậD NL¯Q WUÍF NLưX OXOƯFJLxFQJD\F“QKF’FNL¯QWUÍFQ\ O Y¯W WãFK FậDPÃW GạQJ V…QJFÀ+L°Qˆà W±P WKÔ\  FẻPPẵQJ WUẻ NL¯Q WUÍF QK‡ YƠ\SKƒQEÂGắFWKHRV…QJ &’FNL¯QWUÍFˆơXˆ‡ẩFEÂWUãF’FpoQJ F›QJ WKR’W Q‡ầF &ẵ OR“L FÂQJ WKR’W Q‡ầF FậDPÃW NL¯Q WUÍF NãFK WK‡ầF QKằ Fẵ OR“L FKRFPÃWNKXYểFWK±NãFKWK‡ầFOầQK†Q &’F FéD FÂQJˆơX Fẵ [X K‡ầQJˆÀ UD V…QJ KR FK¿ 0ÃWK° WKÂQJ F’F GL WãFKJLŒQJQo F ˆà [XÔWOÃYầLFKL¯FJ¿PJL¯QJFẵQL„Qˆ“L WK¯Nế9,,,;JL¯QJWKÄL/ìJL¯QJQ‡ầF WKÄL 7UĂQ  JL¯QJ Q‡ầF WKÄL /„  JL¯QJ Q‡ầFˆ‡ẩFOPYRWKÄL/„1JX\đQ 'L W‘FK Pœ WxQJ Fẵ  Pà W’QJ NKRQJ FXÂL WKÄL 7UĂQ  Pà WKXÃF WKÄL /„  1JX\đQPÃFXÂL WKÄL1JX\đQYPÃWV Eà GL FÂW Q•P UL U’F WURQJGL FK²1KẹQJ PÃW’QJQ\ˆDQJˆ‡ẩFQJKL„QFềXYơP W QKƒQFKậQJYQL„Qˆ“L 6 O‡ẩQJGLYƠWˆàW±Pˆ‡ẩFFẵWKư‡ầF WãQK WầLˆ†QYáKQJ WUL°X WURQJˆẵ FKL¯P V O‡ẩQJ OầQ O J“FK QJẵL Y ˆ¿ JÂP Về 0ÁLWKÄLNễGLYƠWˆơXFẵF’Fˆ FWU‡QJUÔW UL„QJ .KRvQJ WKŒ Nư 99, Fẵ F’F YL„Q J“FK PX ˆằ [’P U±D F“QK LQ KRD Y‚Q K±QK … WU’P OầQ ¿ JÂP Về Fẵ PÃW V E’W WU’QJ PHQPX[DQKYầLF’FGÔXFRQN„OầQWURQJ OạQJ 7KŒNư9,,,;J“FKQJẵLUÔWQKLơX*“FK WKÄL Q\ ˆ F WU‡QJ O OR“L J“FK Fẵ  FKẹ o*LDQJ7k\4XkQpPX[’PFẵYL„QLQFKẹ o *LDQJ7k\&KX\lQ p FKR WKÔ\ˆƒ\ OJ“FK GRTXƒQˆÃL7UXQJ4XÂFVQ[XÔW*ÂPVề WKÄLQ\WL„XELưXOF’FOR“LYạQÍPF’F ÔPPHQQJắFWKƒQFDR +R‰QJWK‰QK7K~QJ/RQJ  7KŒNưˆàW±PWKÔ\PÃWVÂOR“LJ“FK QJẵL7L„XELưXQKÔW OYL„QJ“FKE±DPX ˆằ P W J“FK LQ FKẹ oiyL 9LW TX›F TXkQ WKuQK FKX\lQp J“FK [ƒ\ TXƒQ WKQK FậD Q‡ầF“L9L°Wƒ\YÂQOOR“LJ“FKUÔWSKÀ EL¯QWURQJF’FNL¯QWUÍFWKÄLLQK7LơQ/„ ÅNLQKˆ…+RD/‡1LQK%±QKLơXˆẵFKR WKÔ\ WU‡ầF NKL QK /ì GÄL ˆ… UD 7K‚QJ /RQJQKLQKKD\7LơQ/„ˆàFẵPÃWV F…QJWU±QK[ƒ\GểQJňƒ\ 6DQJ WKL /¯ F’F OR“L J“FK QJẵL SK’W WULưQSKRQJSKÍK†QEDRJLÄK¯W*“FKJ¿P Fẵ J“FK E±D J“FK K±QK FKẹ QKƠW Y J“FK YX…QJ &ẵ PÃW V OR“L J“FK YX…QJ O’W QơQ ˆ‡ẩFWUDQJWUãKRDVHQKRDFÍFYầLˆ‡ÄQJQêW WLQKW¯ 1JẵL OẩS J¿PQJẵL EạÍSQẵF QJẵL ÂQJ QJẵLƒPG‡†QJQJẵLPèLVHQ7U„QˆĂXY O‡QJQJẵLˆ‡ẩFWUDQJWUãF’FK±QKOxp‰Fẵ K±QKU¿QJSK‡ẩQJKRD VHQKRDFÍFeYầL KQJ FKẻF EL¯Q WKư NK’F QKDX5ÔWQKLơX F’FW‡ẩQJˆĂXU¿QJˆĂXSK‡ẩQJFèQJˆ‡ẩF W±PWKÔ\1JRLUDWURQJWKÄL/ìFạQFẵF’F GL YƠW WKQK EƠF FÂL FéD FKƒQ ˆ’ WQJ FK“PK±QKU¿QJSK‡ẩQJYKRDO’ 1JK WKXƒW7UQ WL¯SQÂLYSK’W WULưQ Wẽ QơQ QJK° WKXƠW /ì PÃW P W WL¯S WẻF WUX\ơQ WKÂQJ /ì QK‡QJ P W NK’F FQJ QJ\FQJEL¯QˆÀLP“QKPâ*“FK[ƒ\WKÄL 7UĂQ Fẵ OR“L ˆ F WU‡QJ LQ QÀL FKẹ o 9QK 1LQK 7UoQJp *“FK O’W LQ QÀL K±QK KRD PÊXˆ†Q3KÀEL¯QOF’FOR“LQJẵLPèLVHQ FẵˆĂXPèLKầWFDRKR FPèLY’WF“QKK±QK WDPJL’F i˜ J›P Vê WKL /¯ NK’ SKRQJ SKÍ &ẵ JÂPVềPHQQJắFPHQWU˜QJPHQOẻFPHQ YQJYKRDQƒXYầLPXPHQV˜FVRKRD Y‚Q WUDQJ WUã ˆôS FKềQJ Wằ YL°F VQ [XÔW JÂPVềWKÄL/숓WWU±QKˆÃFDR/R“LK±QK FẵE’WˆảDÔPFKƠXYP…K±QKWK’Se ¿ JÂP Về WKÄL 7UĂQ QKLơX Y ˆD G“QJ K†QWKÄL/ì;XÔWKL°QJÂPVềWUDQJWUãKRD ODPYKRDY‚QPXQƒXJ²V˜W7X\QKL„Q WUDQJ WUã JÂP Về WKÄL 7UĂQ QJ\ FQJ ˆ†Q JLQK†QWUDQJWUãJÂPVềWKÄL/ì 7KL+ƒX/l  YơP WGL YƠWFẵ WKưFKLD WKQK F’F JLDL ˆR“Q QKằ K†Q WKÄL /„ V† WKÄL/„0“FYWKÄL/„7UXQJ+‡QJ7KL /l VnGL YƠWˆ F WU‡QJ OF’F OR“LJ“FKY¿ Y QJẵL ƒP G‡†QJ NãFK WK‡ầF OầQ F’F ˆ¿ JÂPVềKRDODPYJÂPVềWU˜QJPằQJFDR FÔS7KL/l0yF[XÔWKL°QˆĂXQJẵLÂQJ FẵFK“PU¿QJJĂQJLÂQJYầLK±QKU¿QJWU„Q FKƒQˆƯQJÂPVềWKÄL0“F7U„Qˆ¿JÂPVề F’FK±QKU¿QJˆ‡ẩFYâUÔWˆ†QJLQNK…QJ W²DWẵWYWUDXFKXÂWQK‡WKÄL/„V† & WKL/l 0yFY WKL/l7UXQJ+oQJ ˆơXVéGẻQJOR“LJ“FKY¿FẵNãFKWK‡ầFWUXQJ E±QKYQKằ1K‡QJˆ¿JÂPVềWKÄL/„7UXQJ +‡QJ WK± FểF Nễ SKRQJ SKÍ 7X\ QKL„Q ˆ¿ JÂPVềWKÄLQ\PHQNK…QJˆôSE•QJF’FWKÄL NễWU‡ầFˆẵ 1JRLF’FGLYƠWSKÀEL¯QWU„QFạQFẵPÃW V GL YƠW NK’F QK‡ ˆ¿ NLP OR“L VÍQJ WKĂQ F…QJNL¯PGDRPèLW„Qˆ¿QJeJÂP7UXQJ 4XÂF Wẽ WK¯ Nế 9,, ˆ¯Q WK¯ Nế ;,; JÂP ,VODP JÂP 1KƠW %Q QéD FXÂL WK¯ Nế ;9,,e &â WK WK•\ JĂ TXD FX¯F NKDL TX–W Qˆ\ ƒ\OOĂQˆĂXWL„QPÃWSKềFK°GLWãFK GL YƠW G‡ầL OạQJ ˆÔW WUXQJ WƒP +RQJ WKQK7K‚QJ/RQJYWKQK+1ÃL[‡Dˆà ˆ‡ẩFSK’W OÃYầLQKẹQJWĂQJY‚QKẵDSK’W WULưQOL„QWẻFTXDQKLơXWK¯Nế   1JKL€QFắX/ƯFKVẳV¯ ẩWNKDLTXƠWYẽDTXDFKRWKÔ\PÁLNL¯Q WUÍFˆơXˆ‡ẩFWUDQJWUãQKLơXˆơWLUÔWˆôS 7K¯ Nế 9,,  ,; Fẵ WUDQJ WUã KRD VHQ KRD FÍFˆĂX OLQK WKÍYầLG’QJYăJƒQJXÂFGẹ GÃL7KÄLLQK /„ WUDQJ WUã F’FK±QKKRD VHQ X\„Q ‡†QJ 7KÄL /ì WUDQJ WUã ˆ“W WầL ˆ²QKˆLưPFậDVể WLQKW¯7KÄL7UĂQWUDQJ WUãNKRăP“QK7KÄL+ƠX/„WUDQJWUãSKẵQJ NKR’QJ K†Q WURQJ ˆẵ WUDQJ WUã ˆôSQKÔW O WKÄL/„ V† F’F WKÄL WL¯S WKHR WUDQJ WUã WU„Q J“FK QJẵL ˆ†Q JLQ Y Fẵ WK„Pˆơ WLPầL &’F NL¯Q WUÍF ˆẵ ˆ‡ẩF E WUã WKQK QKLơX WĂQJQKLơX OầSFK“\ VRQJ VRQJ WKHRK‡ầQJ %˜F 1DP;HQJLẹDF’FGÔXY¯WNL¯QWUÍF KR FWẽQJNL¯QWUÍFFẵV…QJFẵK¿ˆưWKR’W Q‡ầFYW“RFQKˆôS 7ẽ WU‡ầF ˆ¯Q QD\ FKÍQJ WD FK² F‚Q Fề YR NL¯Q WUÍF FXQJ ˆ±QK +X¯ FậD QK 1JX\đQWK¯Nế;,;ˆưSKằQJˆR’QTX\P… NL¯Q WUÍF F’F WKÄL WU‡ầF ˆẵ Y FP JL’F FKXQJ ˆơX FKR U•QJ NL¯Q WUÍF FXQJ ˆ±QK 9L°W 1DP O QKằ Eê WUDQJ WUã ˆ†Q JLQ 1K‡QJ QKẹQJ SK’W KL°Q W“L+RQJ WKQK 7K‚QJ/RQJ[‡DˆàFKRWDWKÔ\PÃWVểWKƠW KRQ WRQQJ‡ẩF O“L &K² UL„QJ NãFK WK‡ầF F’F ˆ¿ ˆÔW QXQJ WUDQJ WUã WU„Q VÂQJ QẵF FèQJˆậFKR WDK±QKGXQJVểˆ¿VÃFậDEà P’L ˆẵ QK‡ WK¯ QR &ẵPÃW GL WãFK FXQJ ˆL°Q WKÄL/ì7UĂQTXD WUẻPẵQJ FKƒQ FÃW FKRWKÔ\J¿PKQJFKƒQFÃWYầLJLDQ FẵGL°QWãFKOầQK†QPÃWQJQPêWYX…QJ 1KẹQJ GL WãFK Y GL YƠW NL¯Q WUÍF YƠW GẻQJ FXQJ ˆ±QK ˆ¿ JÂP Về Yè NKãe W±P ˆ‡ẩFÅNKXYểFNKDLTXƠWˆàFKềQJWằQJK° WKXƠW WKÄL/ì  7UĂQ /„ˆ“W WầL WU±QKˆÃ FDR %˜W QJX¿Q Wẽ WKÄL LQK  /„ QJK° WKXƠWWKÄL/숓WWầLˆ²QKˆLưPFậDVểWLQK [R Y TX\ SK“P QJK° WKXƠW WKÄL 7UĂQ WKL„Q Yơ NKRă P“QK QJK° WKXƠW WKÄL /„ QKáS ˆÃ WKD\ ˆÀL QKDQK Y QJ\ FQJ SKẵQJNKR’QJ *67UĂQ4XÂF9‡ẩQJQKƠQ[êW*L’WUá OầQQKÔWFậDSK’WKL°QNKRFÀKắFQ\O QKẹQJGÔXWãFKNL¯QWUÍFJ¿PQKLơXFKƒQ ˆ’ WQJ KRD VHQ ˆ‡ẩF ˆ W WU„Q QKẹQJ WUẻ FKáXOểFE•QJVằLYˆÔWVêWˆĂPFK W1K‡ YƠ\ FKÍQJ WD WKÔ\ QKẹQJ P… K±QK NL¯Q WUÍFQ\SKĂQFKáXOểFNK…QJSKLOWoQJ P O FœW à ˆƒ\ W±P WKÔ\ F QKẹQJ K° WKÂQJFÂQJUàQKWKR’WQ‡ầFˆ‡ẩF[ƒ\GểQJ E•QJ OR“L J“FK FKX\„QGẻQJ%„Q F“QKˆẵ O QKẹQJ JL¯QJ ˆ‡ẩF [ƒ\ E•QJ J“FK YầL QKẹQJQL„Qˆ“LNK’FQKDXFK²GẫQJP“FK Q‡ầF ˆềQJ FKề NK…QJ GẫQJ P“FK QJDQJ 6DX ˆẵ O KQJ WUL°X KL°Q YƠW Fẵ QKẹQJ KL°QYƠWUÔWTXìKL¯P5ÔWQKLơXˆ¿JÂPVề QÃLˆáD7UXQJ4XÂF1KƠW%QON¯WTX FậD VểJLDR O‡XY‚QKR’JLẹD“L9L°WYầL F’FQ‡ầFNK’F9NKRFÀKắFˆ…WKሇẩF WKểFVểFKÍìE•QJFXÃFNKDLTXƠWQ\ *6 3KDQ +X\ /„ &Kậ WáFK +ÃL .KRD KắFOáFKVé9L°W1DPˆàSK’WELưX 3KxW KLQ Qu\ F“Q FXQJ F‚S WKmQJ WLQ FKRELŒWWURQJO“QJp‚W+RuQJWKuQK7KjQJ /RQJ[oDF“QEvRW˜QQKL‰XGL W‘FKGLYƒW TX¯ 7Đ pk\ F– WKŠ poD UD NKv QjQJ Pž UœQJ GLQ W‘FK pL‰X WUD Yu NKDL TXƒW [k\ GôQJPœWTX\KRyFKEvRW˜QPœWNKXYôF GL W‘FK O’FK Vă YjQ K–D FÊD .LQK WKuQK 7KjQJ/RQJ WKuQK+u1œLF™YuPžUœQJ pŒQFxFGL W‘FKFxFKPyQJYuNKxQJFKLŒQ WKL pyL+˜&K‘0LQKQKo+œL WUoQJ%D iŽQK/jQJYu1KuVuQ%xF+˜7™QJKuQK GLQK TXkQ pœL QKkQ GkQ 9LW 1DP WKL NKxQJ FKLŒQ FK›QJ0đ N‡R GuL WĐ WKŒ Nư 9,,KLY—QJF–WKŠSKxWKLQQKâQJGLW‘FK GLYƒWV PKnQpŒQWKŒNư;;ik\OuPœW ;HPWLŒSWUDQJ