Địa chỉ IPv4 - Giới thiệu chung - Tài liệu, Luận văn

Tài liệu Địa chỉ IPv4 - Giới thiệu chung: ÀDFK”LSY*LˇLWKL‚XFKXQJ 1K} FKảQJ WD ~¯ ELW ,QWHUQHW O P›W PQJ P\ WÂQK WRQ FX GR KQJ QJKQPQJP\WÂQKW‚NKSPÔLQ|LQ‹LOLWRQzQ.KFY–LFFKW“FKằFWKHR FFFSQ›LKWOLzQWQKTX‹FWFãDP›WPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJ KQPQJ,QWHUQHWW“FKằFFKFĐP›WFSFFPQJP\WÂQKG‡QKƠG‡WRNKL Q‹LYR,QWHUQHW~XEQK~QJY–LQKDX’RFFKW“FKằFQK}Y\QzQWUzQ,QWHUQHW FĐFXWUảF~ÊDFKFFK~QK~ÊDFK~FELWWURQJNKLFFK~QK~ÊDFK~‹LY–L PQJYLQWK{QJOL~|QJLQK|QQKLX w‹LY–LPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJKQNKFKKQJflFFY‡QJ NKFQKDXKRQ WRQ FĐ WK FĐ F‡QJ V‹~LQ WKRL SKyQELW Y–L QKDXEQJP¯ Y‡QJP¯WQKKD\P¯TX‹FWw‹LY–LPQJ,QWHUQHWGRFFKW“FKằFFKFĐP›W FSQzQPôLP›WNKFKKQJKD\P›WP\FKã+RVWKRF5RXWHU~XFĐP›W ~ÊDFK,QWHUQHWGX\QKWPNK{QJ~}†FSKSWU‡QJY–LEWN‰DL’RY\P~ÊD FKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWK…FV...

41 trang | Chia sẻ: hunglv | Lượt xem: 1365 | Lượt tải: 0

Bạn đang xem trước 20 trang mẫu tài liệu Địa chỉ IPv4 - Giới thiệu chung, để tải tài liệu gốc về máy bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên

ÀDFK”LSY*LˇLWKL‚XFKXQJ 1K} FKảQJ WD ~¯ ELW ,QWHUQHW O P›W PQJ P\ WÂQK WRQ FX GR KQJ QJKQPQJP\WÂQKW‚NKSPÔLQ|LQ‹LOLWRQzQ.KFY–LFFKW“FKằFWKHR FFFSQ›LKWOLzQWQKTX‹FWFãDP›WPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJ KQPQJ,QWHUQHWW“FKằFFKFĐP›WFSFFPQJP\WÂQKG‡QKƠG‡WRNKL Q‹LYR,QWHUQHW~XEQK~QJY–LQKDX’RFFKW“FKằFQK}Y\QzQWUzQ,QWHUQHW FĐFXWUảF~ÊDFKFFK~QK~ÊDFK~FELWWURQJNKLFFK~QK~ÊDFK~‹LY–L PQJYLQWK{QJOL~|QJLQK|QQKLX w‹LY–LPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJKQNKFKKQJflFFY‡QJ NKFQKDXKRQ WRQ FĐ WK FĐ F‡QJ V‹~LQ WKRL SKyQELW Y–L QKDXEQJP¯ Y‡QJP¯WQKKD\P¯TX‹FWw‹LY–LPQJ,QWHUQHWGRFFKW“FKằFFKFĐP›W FSQzQPôLP›WNKFKKQJKD\P›WP\FKã+RVWKRF5RXWHU~XFĐP›W ~ÊDFK,QWHUQHWGX\QKWPNK{QJ~}†FSKSWU‡QJY–LEWN‰DL’RY\P~ÊD FKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWK…FV…OP›WWLQJX\zQ +QJ FK•F WULXP\ FKã WUzQ KQJ WUxP QJKQPQJw ~ÊD FK NK{QJ ~}†FWU‡QJQKDXFQSKLFĐFXWUảF~ÊDFK~FELWTXQOÀWK‹QJQKWYP›W 7“ FKằF FãD ,QWHUQHW JÔL O 7UXQJ WyP WK{QJ WLQ PQJ ,QWHUQHW 1HWZRUN ,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWHU1,&FKãWUSKyQSK‹L1,&FKSKyQ~ÊDFKPQJ1HW,’ F⁄Q~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQPQJ~Đ+RVW,’GRFF7“FKằFTXQOÀ,QWHUQHW FãDW‚QJTX‹FJLDP›WW…SKyQSK‹L7URQJWK…FW~FĐWK~ÊQKWX\QURXWLQJ WUzQPQJ,QWHUQHWQJRL~ÊDFK,3F⁄QFQ~QWzQULzQJFãDFFP\FKã+RVW ’RPDLQ1DPH&FSKQWLSWKHRFKảQJWDK¯\QJKLzQFằXFXWUảF~FELWFãD ~ÊDFK,QWHUQHW ,&‹XWUếFÀDFK”,3&KLWLW D7KyQKSKQYyKQKG}QJFĐDxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3~DQJ~}†FV„G•QJKLQWL,3YFĐELWFKLDWKQK2FWHW PôL2FWHWFĐELWW}|QJ~}|QJE\WHFFK~P~XW‚WULTXDSKLEÂWFKR ~QEÂWFF2FWHWWFKELWQKDXEQJGXFKPEDRJ'PFĐWKQKSKQ FKÂQK cla ss b it Net ID Host ID %LW %LWQKQGQJO–S&ODVVELW wÊDFKFãDPQJ1HW,’ wÊDFKFãDP\FKã+RVW,’ *KLFKĂ7lQOqiDFKPt\FKQKoQJWKĐFWNKmQJFKFPt\FKPq W~WFrFtFPt\FRQ:RUNVWDWLRQFtFFQJWUX\QKSYYpXF{QFpDFK %LWQKQGQJO–S&ODVVELW~SKyQELW~ÊDFKflO–SQR wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQflGQJELWQKÊSKyQ [\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\ [\ KRF 9ÂG• ELW QKQ GQJ 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQflGQJWKSSKyQ[[[[[[[[[[[[ [OV‹WKSSKyQW‚~Q 9ÂG• ’QJYLW~\~ãFãD~ÊDFK,3OFRQV‹WURQJW‚QJ2FWHW9ÂG•~ÊDFK,3 WK}fiQJ WK\ WUzQ WK…F W FĐ WK O QK}QJ GQJ ~\ ~ã O E&|FO⁄SxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3FKLDUDO–S$%&’(+LQWL~¯G‡QJKWO–S$%YJQ KWO–S&F⁄QO–S’Y(7“FKằFLQWHUQHW~DQJ~GQKFKRP•F~ÂFKNKFNK{QJ SKyQQzQFKảQJWDFKQJKLzQFằXO–S~X 16 24 class a : 0 class b 1 0 class c 1 1 0 net id host id net id host id net id host id 1 328 octet 1 octet 4octet 3octet 2 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 0 Class d 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 1 0 class e 4XDFXWUảFFFO–S~ÊDFK,3FKảQJWDFĐQKQ[WVDX %LWQKQGQJOQK”QJELW~XWLzQFãDO–S$OFãDO–S%OFãD O–S&O /–S’FĐELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJOF⁄QO–S(FĐEÂW~XWLzQ ~QKQGQJO wÊDFKO–S$wÊDFKPQJÂWY~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJQKLX wÊDFKO–S%wÊDFKPQJY‚DSKLY~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJ Y‚DSKL wÊDFKO–S&wÊDFKPQJQKLX~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJÂW iD FK 9QJ pD FK 6 PuQJ WL pD 6 Pt\ FK WL pD OS Oô WKX\W VÔ GÂQJ WUlQ WÊQJ PuQJ $ W‚~Q % W‚~Q &W‚~Q ’W‚~Q.K{QJSKyQ (W‚~Q.K{QJSKyQ iD FK 9QJ pD FK %LW QKQ GuQJ 6 ELW GQJ p OS VÔ GÂQJ 3KkQ FKR PuQJ $ W‚~Q % W‚~Q &W‚~Q ’ ( 1K}Y\QXFKảQJWDWK\~ÊDFK,3FĐQKĐPV‹FFKQKDXEQJGXFKP QX WK\ QKĐP V‹ WKằ QKW QKƠ K|Q ELW ~ÊD FK Q\ fl O–S $ QP WURQJ NKRQJ~QELW~ÊDFKQ\flO–S%YW‚~QELW~ÊDFKQ\fl O–S& ,LÀDFK”PQJFRQFểD,QWHUQHW ,3VXEQHWWLQJ D1JX\tQQKsQ 1K}~¯QzXWUzQ~ÊDFKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWK…FV…OP›WWLQJX\zQP›WPQJ NKLJLDQKS,QWHUQHW~}†F7UXQJWyPWK{QJWLQPQJ,QWHUQHW1,&SKyQFKRP›W V‹~ÊDFKY‚D~ãG‡QJY–L\zXFXOảF~ĐVDXQ\QXPQJSKWWULQWKzPOL SKL[LQ1,&WKzP~ĐO~LXNK{QJWKXQWLQFKRFFQKNKDLWKFPQJ +|QQ”DFFO–S~ÊDFKFãD,QWHUQHWNK{QJSKLKRQWRQSK‡K†SY–L\zX FXWK…FW~ÊDFKO–S%FKQJKQPôLP›W~ÊDFKPQJFĐWKFSFKR P\FKã7K…FWFĐPQJQKƠFKFĐYLFK•FP\FKãWKVO¯QJSKÂUWQKLX ~ÊDFKF⁄QOLPNK{QJDLG‡QJ~}†FwNKFSK•FYQ~Q\YWQG•QJW‹L ~D~ÊDFK~}†F1,&SKyQEW~XW‚QxPQJ}fiLWDQJKĂ~QwÊDFKPQJ FRQ 1K}Y\SKyQ~ÊDFKPQJFRQOPflU›QJ~ÊDFKFKRQKLXPQJWUzQF| VflPWpDFKPuQJP1,&SKyQFKRSK‡K†SY–LV‹O}†QJWK…FWP\FKãFĐ WUzQW‚QJPQJ %3KwvQJSK|SSKsQFKLDxDFKP}QJFRQ&KLWLW 7U}–F NKL QJKLzQ FằX SKQ Q\ FKảQJ WD FQ SKL KLX TXDP›W V‹ NKL QLPOLzQTXDQW–LYLFSKyQ~ÊDFKFFPQJFRQ ’HIDXOW0DVN*LWUÊWUQ~ÊDFKPQJ~}†F~ÊQKQJKĂDWU}–F FKRW‚QJO–S~ÊDFK$%&7K…FFKWOJLWUÊWKSSKyQFDRQKWNKLWW FELW~XEQJWURQJFF2FWHWGQKFKR~ÊDFKPQJ1HW,’ ’HIDXOW0DVN /–S$ /–S% /–S& 6XEQHW0DVNJLWUÊWUQFãDW‚QJPQJFRQ 6XEQHW0DVNONWK†SFãD’HIDXOW0DVNY–LJLWUÊWKSSKyQFDRQKWFãD FFELWO\W‚FF2FWHWFãD~ÊDFKP\FKãVDQJSKQ~ÊDFKPQJ~WR ~ÊDFKPQJFRQ 6XEQHW0DVNEDRJLfiFàQJ~LNPY–L~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQ ~ FKRQJ}fiL~ÔFELW~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQQ\G‡QJFFKR P\ FKã KD\ FKLDUDWKQKFFPQJFRQ0WNKFQĐF⁄QJLảS 5RXWHU WURQJYLF~ÊQK WX\Q FX›FJÔL 1JX\lQWyFFKXQJ /\E–WP›WV‹ELWFãDSKQ~ÊDFKP\FKã~WR~ÊDFKPQJFRQ /\~LEDRQKLzXELWSK•WKX›FYRV‹PQJFRQFQWKLW6XEQHWPDVN PQKNKDLWKFPQJTX\W~ÊQKVWRUD &XWUằFÔDFKÊF„D,QWHUQHWÔDFKÊ,3 1GrM * (He SGHT BGTMF 1K} FKảQJ WD ~¯ ELW ,QWHUQHW O P›W PQJ P\ WÂQK WRQ FX GR KQJ QJKQPQJP\WÂQKW‚NKSPÔLQ|LQ‹LOLWRQzQ.KFY–LFFKW“FKằFWKHR FFFSQ›LKWOLzQWQKTX‹FWFãDP›WPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJ KQPQJ,QWHUQHWW“FKằFFKFĐP›WFSFFPQJP\WÂQKG‡QKƠG‡WRNKL Q‹LYR,QWHUQHW~XEQK~QJY–LQKDX’RFFKW“FKằFQK}Y\QzQWUzQ,QWHUQHW FĐFXWUảF~ÊDFKFFK~QK~ÊDFK~FELWWURQJNKLFFK~QK~ÊDFK~‹LY–L PQJYLQWK{QJOL~|QJLQK|QQKLX w‹LY–LPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJKQNKFKKQJflFFY‡QJ NKFQKDXKRQ WRQ FĐ WK FĐ F‡QJ V‹~LQ WKRL SKyQELW Y–L QKDXEQJP¯ Y‡QJP¯WQKKD\P¯TX‹FWw‹LY–LPQJ,QWHUQHWGRFFKW“FKằFFKFĐP›W FSQzQPôLP›WNKFKKQJKD\P›WP\FKã+RVWKRF5RXWHU~XFĐP›W ~ÊDFKLQWHUQHWGX\QKWPNK{QJ~}†FSKSWU‡QJY–LEWN‰DL’RY\P~ÊD FKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWK…FV…OP›WWLQJX\zQ +QJ FK•F WULXP\ FKã WUzQ KQJ WUxP QJKQPQJw ~ÊD FK NK{QJ ~}†FWU‡QJQKDXFQSKLFĐFXWUảF~ÊDFK~FELWTXQOÀWK‹QJQKWYP›W 7“ FKằF FãD ,QWHUQHW JÔL O 7UXQJ WyP WK{QJ WLQ PQJ ,QWHUQHW 1HWZRUN ,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWHU1,&FKãWUSKyQSK‹L1,&FKSKyQ~ÊDFKPQJ1HW,’ F⁄Q~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQPQJ~Đ+RVW,’GRFF7“FKằFTXQOÀ,QWHUQHW FãDW‚QJTX‹FJLDP›WW…SKyQSK‹L7URQJWK…FW~FĐWK~ÊQKWX\QURXWLQJ WUzQPQJ,QWHUQHWQJRL~ÊDFK,3F⁄QFQ~QWzQULzQJFãDFFP\FKã+RVW ’RPDLQ1DPH&FSKQWLSWKHRFKảQJWDK¯\QJKLzQFằXFXWUảF~FELW FãD~ÊDFK,QWHUQHW OGrM ** $uT SQB g@ BG *1 D7KyQKSKQYyKQKG}QJFĐDxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3~DQJ~}†FV„G•QJKLQWL,3YFĐELWFKLDWKQK2FWHW PôL2FWHWFĐELWW}|QJ~}|QJE\WHFFK~P~XW‚WULTXDSKLEÂWFKR ~QEÂWFF2FWHWWFKELWQKDXEQJGXFKPEDRJ'PFĐWKQKSKQ FKÂQK cla ss b it Net ID Host ID %LW %LWQKQGQJO–S&ODVVELW wÊDFKFãDPQJ1HW,’ wÊDFKFãDP\FKã+RVW,’ *KLFKĂ7lQOqiDFKPt\FKQKoQJWKĐFWNKmQJFKFPt\FKPq W~WFrFtFPt\FRQ:RUNVWDWLRQFtFFQJWUX\QKSYYpXF{QFpDFK %LWQKQGQJO–S&ODVVELW~SKyQELW~ÊDFKflO–SQR wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQflGQJELWQKÊSKyQ [\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\ [\ KRF 9ÂG• ELW QKQ GQJ 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQflGQJWKSSKyQ[[[[[[[[[[[[ [OV‹WKSSKyQW‚~Q 9ÂG• ’QJYLW~\~ãFãD~ÊDFK,3OFRQV‹WURQJW‚QJ2FWHW9ÂG•~ÊDFK,3 WK}fiQJ WK\ WUzQ WK…F W FĐ WK O QK}QJ GQJ ~\ ~ã O E&|FO⁄SxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3FKLDUDO–S$%&’(+LQWL~¯G‡QJKWO–S$%YJQ KW O–S & F⁄Q O–S’ Y ( 7“ FKằF LQWHUQHW ~DQJ ~ GQK FKRP•F ~ÂFK NKF NK{QJSKyQQzQFKảQJWDFKQJKLzQFằXO–S~X 16 24 class a : 0 class b 1 0 class c 1 1 0 net id host id net id host id net id host id 1 328 octet 1 octet 4octet 3octet 2 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 0 Class d 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 1 0 class e 4XDFXWUảFFFO–S~ÊDFK,3FKảQJWDFĐQKQ[WVDX %LWQKQGQJOQK”QJELW~XWLzQFãDO–S$OFãDO–S%OFãD O–S&O /–S’FĐELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJOF⁄QO–S(FĐEÂW~XWLzQ ~QKQGQJO wÊDFKO–S$wÊDFKPQJÂWY~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJQKLX wÊDFKO–S%wÊDFKPQJY‚DSKLY~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJ Y‚DSKL wÊDFKO–S&wÊDFKPQJQKLX~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJÂW iD FK 9QJ pD FK 6 PuQJ WL pD 6 Pt\ FK WL pD OS Oô WKX\W VÔ GÂQJ WUlQ WÊQJ PuQJ $ W‚~Q % W‚~Q &W‚~Q ’W‚~Q.K{QJSKyQ (W‚~Q.K{QJSKyQ iD FK 9QJ pD FK %LW QKQ GuQJ 6 ELW GQJ p OS VÔ GÂQJ 3KkQ FKR PuQJ $ W‚~Q % W‚~Q &W‚~Q ’ ( 1K}Y\QXFKảQJWDWK\~ÊDFK,3FĐQKĐPV‹FFKQKDXEQJGXFKP QX WK\ QKĐP V‹ WKằ QKW QKƠ K|Q ELW ~ÊD FK Q\ fl O–S $ QP WURQJ NKRQJ~QELW~ÊDFKQ\flO–S%YW‚~QELW~ÊDFKQ\fl O–S& *KL QK iD FK WKĐF W NKmQJ SKkQ WURQJ WUoQJ KS W~W Fr FtF ELW WURQJ PW KD\ QKLX 2FWHW VÔ GÂQJ FKR pD FK PuQJ KD\ pD FK Pt\ FK pX EvQJ KD\ pX EvQJ iLX Qq\ pĂQJ FKR W~W Fr FtF OS pD FK H g@ BG -O " 7“QJTXWFKXQJ %LWWKằQKWOELWQKQGQJO–S$ ELWF⁄QOLWURQJ2FWHWWKằQKWGQKFKR~ÊDFKPQJ 2FWHWF⁄QOLFĐELWGQKFKR~ÊDFKFãDP\&Kã &ODVV$ 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 8 16 24 0 net id host id 1 32 PQJP\FKãWUzQP›WPQJ DqDFKP}QJ1HW,’ .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK .KL~PV‹ELWFKảQJWD~PW‚WULTXDSKL QK}QJNKL WÂQKJL WUÊ WKS SKyQQ FãDELWOLWÂQKW‚SKLTXDWULEW~XW‚ELW2FWHWWKằQKWGQKFKR ~ÊDFKPQJELW OELWQKQGQJO–S$ELWF⁄QOLW‚ELW~QELWGQK FKR~ÊDFKPQJ 1K}QJWUzQWK…FW~ÊDFKNKLWWFFFELWEQJ KRFEQJ~XNK{QJSKyQFKRPQJ.KLJLWUÊFFELW~XEQJJLWUÊWKS SKyQONK{QJFĐQJKĂDF⁄Q~ÊDFKONKLFFELW~XEQJG‡QJ~WK{QJ ERQ›LE›QzQWUzQWK…FWF⁄QOLPQJ 2FWHW 0 net id 7 6 . . .. . . . . ..0 bit &FKWÂQK~ÊDFKPQJO–S$ 6‹WKằW…%LWQWÂQKW‚SKLTXDWUL *LWUÊQKÊSKyQKD\FãD%LW[[[[[[[ *LWUÊWKSSKyQW}|QJằQJNKLJLWUÊELW VOQ *LWUÊWKSSKyQW}|QJằQJNKLJLWUÊELW NK{QJWÂQK *LWUÊWKSSKyQO–QQKWNKLJLWUÊFãDELW~XEQJO 6DX~y\OFFKWÂQKWUÔQYQJLWUÊFãDWWFFF%LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ1HW,’ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKPQJ .K{QJSKyQ ’‡QJQ›LE› 1Ko Y\ NKr QjQJ SKkQ pD FK FD OS $ FKR PuQJ %LX KLX pD FK WUlQ WKĐF W 7Ê pQ EqDFKFĐDF|FP|\FKĐWUtQP WP}QJ .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK %D2FWHWVDXJ'PELW~}†FWÂQKW‚ELW~QELWGQKFKR~ÊDFKP\FKã WUzQW‚QJPQJ 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW host id 1 24 %LW 9–LFFKWÂQKQK}WUzQ~~}†FW“QJV‹P\FKãWUzQP›WPQJWDFĐ *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–LELWQwÊDFK Q P\FKã 2FWHW2FWHW2FWHW wÊDFKNKLFFELW~XEQJKD\EQJEƠUD7UzQWK…FWF⁄QOL 1KoY\NKrQjQJSKkQpDFKFKRPt\FK %LXKLQpDFKWUlQWKĐFW 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW host id 1 24 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKP\FKã 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQ2FWHWWQKWÊWL 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKP\FKã 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQ2FWHWWQKWÊWL 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKP\FKã .K{QJSKyQ .K{QJSKyQ 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQ2FWHWWQKWÊWL 7“QJTXWOLWL~ÊDFKFãDP›WPQJNKLOQO}†WWKD\~“LFFJLWUÊFãD FF2FWHWWDVFĐNKQxQJWKD\~“LPFFFRQV‹NK{QJ WU‡QJOSQKDX&RPELQDWLRQVFĐQJKL¯O~ÊDFKFãDP\FKãWUzQ PQJQK}QJWK…FWSKyQFKO [[ %LXKLQWUzQWK…FWOEDV‹WKSSKyQWURQJ2FWHWFFKQKDXGX 7ÊpQ .WOXQiDFKOS$FWKSKkQFKRPuQJYqPLPWPuQJF Pt\FK1LFtFKNKtFpDFKWKĐFWV 7ÊpQ 9GÂ0WpDFKp{\pFDOS$ wÊDFKwÊDFKP\ PQJFKã ** g@ BG -O # 7“QJTXWFKXQJ ELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJO–S%OY ELWF⁄QOLWURQJ2FWHW~XWLzQGQKFKR~ÊDFK PQJ 2FWHWF⁄QOLJ'PELWGQKFKR~ÊDFKP\&Kã class b 1 0 net id host id 1 8 16 24 32 Octet1 Octet2 Octet3 Octet4 PuQJPt\FKWUlQPWPuQJ DqDFKP}QJ .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK 2FWHW2FWHW 1 0 net id 1 8 16 +DL2FWHW~XWLzQFĐELW~SKyQFKR~ÊDFKPQJELWELWYELW NW‚WULVDQJFĐJLWUÊOQO}†WOYG‡QJ~QKQGQJ~ÊDFKO–S%1K} Y\F⁄QOLELW~FKR1HW,’~ÊDFKPQJ net id 13 7 0 Octet1 Octet2 7KHRFFKWÂQKQK}FãD~ÊDFKPQJ/–S$WDFĐ *LWUÊQ wÊDFKPQJ .K{QJSKyQ .K{QJSKyQ 2FWHW2FWHW 7}|QJW…QK}~ÊDFK/–S$FFELW~XEQJYFFELW~XEQJ~}†FEƠUD QzQWK…FWJLWUÊWKSSKyQFKW‚~QFĐQJKĂDSKyQ~}†FFKR PuQJ %LXKLQWUlQWKĐFW %LXKLQ~ÊDFKWUzQWK…FWWKKLQV‹WKSSKyQWURQJ2FWHWFFKQKDX EQJGXFKP&FKWÂQKV‹WKSSKyQFKRW‚QJ2FWHWP›W 2FWHW %LW ELW QKQ GQJ *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ1HW,’ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKPQJ wÊDFKPQJFãD/–S$W‚~QNK{QJSKyQ1K}Y\~ÊDFK PQJFãD/–S%fl2FWHWWKằQKWVW‚FKR~Q 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ1HW,’ *LWUÊQ wÊDFKPQJ .K{QJSKyQ .K{QJSKyQ 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ 1K}Y\wÊDFKPQJO–S%ELXKLQWUzQWK…FWJ'P2FWHW 7ÊFKRpQ FĐQJKĂDSKyQ~}†FFKRPuQJ EqDFKF|FP|\FKĐWUtQP WP}QJ .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK 2FWHW Y J'P ELW ~ GQK FKR ~ÊD FK FãD FFP\ FKã WUzQ W‚QJ PQJ 2FWHW2FWHW %LW %LW +RVW,’ *ÂDWUÊ%LW*LWUÊQwÊDFK 2FWHW2FWHW wÊDFKFãDFFELWEQJYEQJEƠUD .KQxQJ WK…F WF⁄Q OL pDFK~SKyQFKRFFP\FKãWUzQP›WPQJ %LXKLQpDFKWUlQWKĐFW 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKP\FKã 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKP\FKã .K{QJSKyQ .K{QJSKyQ 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ %LXKLQ~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQWK…FWFãD/–S%O 7ÊpQ .WOXQiDFK/S%FWKSKkQFKRPuQJYqPLPuQJFpQ Pt\FK1LFtFKNKtFpDFKSKkQWURQJWKĐFWV 7ÊpQ 9GÂ0WpDFKp{\pFDOS% wÊDFKwÊDFK 0QJ0\FKã *** g@ BG -O $ 7“QJTXWFKXQJ ELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJO–S&O ELWF⁄QOLWURQJ2FWHW~XGQKFKR~ÊDFKPQJ 2FWHWFX‹LF‡QJFĐELWGQKFKR~ÊDFKP\FKã class c 1 1 0 net id host id 1 24 32 8 16 octet 1 octet 4octet 3octet 2 PuQJPt\FK WUlQPWPuQJ DqDFKP}QJ .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK ELWF⁄QOLFãD2FWHW~XGQKFKR~ÊDFKPQJ *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–LELWQJLWUÊwÊDFK Q PQJ 2FWHW2FWHW2FWHW &FELW~XEQJKD\EQJNK{QJSKyQQzQNKQxQJSKyQ~ÊDFKFKRPQJ flO–S&OKRFEQJ %LXKLQWUlQWKĐFW 2FWHW %LW %LW %LW QKQ GQJ *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ1HW,’ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKPQJ 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ1HW,’ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKPQJ 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ1HW,’ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKPQJ .K{QJSKyQ .K{QJSKyQ 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ .WOXQiDFKGqQKFKRPuQJFDOS&FNKrQjQJSKkQFKR PuQJQLFtFKNKtFWUlQWKĐFWV 7ÊpQ ExDFKP|\FKĐWUtQWôQJP}QJ .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK 2FWHWFĐELW~SKyQ~ÊDFKFKRFFP\FKãWUzQP›WPQJ 2FWHW %LW *LWUÊW}|QJằQJY–L WKằW…ELWQ *ÂDWUÊQ wÊDFKP\FKã .K{QJSKyQ .K{QJSKyQ 1KoY\JLtWUWKSSKkQFD2FWHWWÊpQ 1K}Y\NKQxQJFKRP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJFãD~ÊDFKO–S&O KD\ %LXKLQWUlQWKĐFWl 7ÊpQ .WOXQiDFKOS&FWKSKkQFKRPuQJYqPLPWPuQJF Pt\FK1LFtFKNKtFV 7ÊpQ 9GÂPWpDFK,QWHUQHWOS&p{\p wÊDFKPQJwÊDFK P\FKã 9ÂG•7UXQJWyPWK{QJWLQPQJ,QWHUQHWY‡QJ&KyX7KLEQKG}|QJ $31,& SKyQ FKR 9’& ~ÊD FK FãD O–S & FĐ WK SKyQ FKR PQJ W‚ FKR~Q1KĐPV‹WKằQKWOFKRELW~y\OQK”QJ NK‹L~ÊDFKflO–S& wÊDFK~\~ãFãDP›WNK‹L~ÊDFKSKLO FKảQJWD~}†FV„G•QJWUÔQYQRFWHWFX‹LF‡QJFĐQJKĂDO~}†F~ÊDFKP\ FKãY~XFX‹LWUzQP›WPQJ9ÂG•PQJVFĐ~ÊDFK~XFX‹LW‚ ~Q1K}Y\W“QJF›QJ9’&FĐ[ ~ÊD FK OÀ WKX\W ~ SKyQ FKR FFP\ FKã Y ~X FX‹L WUzQ PQJ YY 1K}Y\~ÊDFKPQJOF‹~ÊQKFKảQJWDFK~}†FTX\QSKyQ~ÊDFKFKR P\FKãWUzQPQJ~Đ *U `@ BG LlMF BNM B@ *MSDQMDS *1 RTAMDSSHMF D1JX\tQQKsQ 1K}~¯QzXWUzQ~ÊDFKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWK…FV…OP›WWLQJX\zQP›WPQJ NKLJLDQKS,QWHUQHW~}†F7UXQJWyPWK{QJWLQPQJ,QWHUQHW1,&SKyQFKRP›W V‹~ÊDFKY‚D~ãG‡QJY–L\zXFXOảF~ĐVDXQ\QXPQJSKWWULQWKzPOL SKL[LQ1,&WKzP~ĐO~LXNK{QJWKXQWLQFKRFFQKNKDLWKFPQJ +|QQ”DFFO–S~ÊDFKFãD,QWHUQHWNK{QJSKLKRQWRQSK‡K†SY–L\zX FXWK…FW~ÊDFKO–S%FKQJKQPôLP›W~ÊDFKPQJFĐWKFSFKR P\FKã7K…FWFĐPQJQKƠFKFĐYLFK•FP\FKãWKVO¯QJSKÂUWQKLX ~ÊDFKF⁄QOLPNK{QJDLG‡QJ~}†FwNKFSK•FYQ~Q\YWQG•QJW‹L ~D~ÊDFK~}†F1,&SKyQEW~XW‚QxPQJ}fiLWDQJKĂ~QwÊDFKPQJ FRQ 1K}Y\SKyQ~ÊDFKPQJFRQOPflU›QJ~ÊDFKFKRQKLXPQJWUzQF| VflPWpDFKPuQJP1,&SKyQFKRSK‡K†SY–LV‹O}†QJWK…FWP\FKãFĐ WUzQW‚QJPQJ E3KwvQJSK|SSKsQFKLDxDFKP}QJFRQ 7U}–F NKL QJKLzQ FằX SKQ Q\ FKảQJ WD FQ SKL KLX TXDP›W V‹ NKL QLPOLzQTXDQW–LYLFSKyQ~ÊDFKFFPQJFRQ ’HIDXOW0DVN*LWUÊWUQ~ÊDFKPQJ~}†F~ÊQKQJKĂDWU}–F FKRW‚QJO–S~ÊDFK$%&7K…FFKWOJLWUÊWKSSKyQFDRQKWNKLWW FELW~XEQJWURQJFF2FWHWGQKFKR~ÊDFKPQJ1HW,’ ’HIDXOW0DVN/–S$ /–S% /–S& 6XEQHW0DVNJLWUÊWUQFãDW‚QJPQJFRQ 6XEQHW0DVNONWK†SFãD’HIDXOW0DVNY–LJLWUÊWKSSKyQFDRQKWFãD FFELWO\W‚FF2FWHWFãD~ÊDFKP\FKãVDQJSKQ~ÊDFKPQJ~WR ~ÊDFKPQJFRQ 6XEQHW0DVNEDRJLfiFàQJ~LNPY–L~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQ ~ FKRQJ}fiL~ÔFELW~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQQ\G‡QJFFKR P\ FKã KD\ FKLDUDWKQKFFPQJFRQ0WNKFQĐF⁄QJLảS 5RXWHU WURQJYLF~ÊQK WX\Q FX›FJÔL 1JX\lQWyFFKXQJ /\E–WP›WV‹ELWFãDSKQ~ÊDFKP\FKã~WR~ÊDFKPQJFRQ /\~LEDRQKLzXELWSK•WKX›FYRV‹PQJFRQFQWKLW6XEQHWPDVN PQKNKDLWKFPQJTX\W~ÊQKVWRUD 9~ÊDFKO–S$Y%~X~¯KWK|QQ”DKLQWLPQJ,QWHUQHWFãD7“QJ F{QJ W\GR9’&TXQ OÀ~DQJ~}†FSKyQ~ÊDFKPQJO–S&QzQFKảQJ WD V QJKLzQFằXN¿SKyQFKLD~ÊDFKPQJFRQflO–S& , qD FK P}QJ FRQ FĐD xD FK OÔS & &ODVV F 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 1 1 0 net id host id wÊDFKO–S&FĐRFWHWFKR~ÊDFKPQJYRFWHWFX‹LFKR~ÊDFKP\FKãY Y\FKFĐELWOÀWKX\W~WRPQJFRQWK…FWQXG‡QJELW~PflPQJ FRQYELWFKR~ÊDFKP\FKãWKYQFKOP›WPQJYQJ}†FOLELW~FKR PQJ Y ELW FKR ~ÊD FKP\ FKã WKP›WPQJ FK ~}†FP›WP\ QK} Y\ NK{QJORJLFÂWQKWSKLG‡QJELW~PflU›QJ~ÊDFKYELWFKR~ÊDFKP\ FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJ’RY\WUzQWK…FWFKG‡QJQK}EQJVDX ’HIDXOW0DVNFãDO–S& wÊD FK P\ FK´ ELW~FKPQJFRQELW~FKP\FKã ELW~FKPQJFRQELW~FKP\FKã ELW~FKPQJFRQELW~FKP\FKã ELW~FKPQJFRQELW~FKP\FKã ELW~FKPQJFRQELW~FKP\FKã 'HIDXOW 0DVN wÊD FK PQJ FRQ 7UoQJ 6XEQHWPDVN 6 OoQJ PuQJ FRQ V Pt\ FK WUlQ KS WÊQJ PuQJ %QJNKQxQJFKLDPQJFRQFãD~ÊDFK/–S& 1K}Y\P›W~ÊDFKPQJflO–S&FKFĐWUoQJKSOĐDFKQ WUzQ+D\ 6XEQHW0DVNNKFQKDXWX‰W‚QJWU}fiQJK†SF•WK~TX\W~ÊQKV‹PQJFRQ 7UoQJKS+DLPuQJFRQ 6XEQHW0DVN 7‚P›W ~ÊD FK WLzX FKXQ WR ~}†F ~ÊD FK FKR KDLPQJ FRQ PôLP›W PQJFĐP\FKã 6„G•QJKDLELW ELWYFãDSKQ~ÊDFKP\FKã~ WRPQJFRQ 1K}Y\F⁄QOLELW~SKyQFKRP\FKã D 7QK pD FK PuQJ 2FWHW %LW [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ *KLFKả[[[[[[[[[O~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQFãDO–S& wÊDFKFãDPQJOJLWUÊFãDELWYOQO}†WEQJY7URQJWU}fiQJ K†SFKLD~ÊDFKPQJFRQNK{QJEDRJLfi~}†FG‡QJ~ÊDFKNKLFFELW~XEQJ KD\EQJ’RY\WU}fiQJK†SPQJFRQQĐLWUzQ~ÊDFKPQJFRQVO 0QJFRQwÊDFKPQJ[[[[[[[[[ 0QJFRQwÊDFKPQJ[[[[[[[[[ E 7QK pD FK FKR Pt\ FK FKR PuQJ FRQ &KảQJWDFKF⁄QELWFKR~ÊDFKP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJ 2FWHW %LW [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[wÊDFKPQJ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[.K{QJSKyQ wÊDFKPQJ FRQ 0ôLPQJF⁄QOL~ÊDFKFKRP\FKã 0QJ7‚[[[[[[[[[~Q[[[[[[[[[ F 7QK pD FK FKR Pt\ FK FKR PuQJ FRQ 7}|QJW…QK}FFKWÂQKWUzQWDFĐ 2FWHW %LW [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[wÊDFKPQJ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[.K{QJSKyQ wÊDFKPQJ FRQ 0QJwÊDFKP\FKãWUzQPQJ 7‚[[[[[[[[[~Q[[[[[[[[[ 7“QJTXWOL VXEQHWLG KRVWV D0QJFRQWKằQKW wÊDFKPQJFRQ[[[[[[[[[ wÊDFKFFP\FKãWUzQPQJFRQQ\W‚ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ ~Q [[[[[[[[[ E0QJFRQWKằ wÊDFKPQJFRQ[[[[[[[[[ wÊDFKFFP\FKãWUzQPQJFRQQ\W‚ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ ~Q [[[[[[[[[ wÊDFKP\FKãW‚~QYW‚~QYEÊPWQJKĂDOPW ~ÊDFK 9ÂG•wÊDFKWLzXFKXQO–S&O 6XEQHWPDVN 7‚~ÊDFKQ\WDFĐPQJFRQO 0QJwÊDFKPQJ wÊDFK0\FKãWUzQPQJQ\ 7‚ ~Q 0QJwÊDFKPQJ wÊDFKP\FKãWUzQPQJQ\ 7‚~Q 7UoQJKS6tXPuQJFRQ 6XEQHWPDVN 7R~}†FPQJFRQPôLPQJFRQFĐP\FKã D 7QK pD FK 0uQJ FRQ 7U}⁄QJK†SQ\V„G•QJELWELWFãD~ÊDFKP\FKã2FWHWE“VXQJ FKR~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQ~WRPQJFRQ 2FWHW %LW [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ %Ơ WU}fiQJ K†S FF ELW ~X EQJ KD\ FKảQJ WD F⁄Q OL ~ÊD FK FãD PQJFRQVDX [[[[[[[[[0QJFRQ [[[[[[[[[0QJFRQ [[[[[[[[[0QJFRQ [[[[[[[[[0QJFRQ [[[[[[[[[0QJFRQ [[[[[[[[[0QJFRQ E 7QK pD FK Pt\ FK FKR PuQJ FRQ 2FWHW %LW [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[wÊDFKPQJ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[.K{QJSKyQ 1K}Y\~ÊDFKP\FKãFãDPQJFRQVW‚~Q 7}|QJW…QK}FFKWÂQK~¯QzXWUzQFKảQJWDFĐWKWÂQK~}†FFKRWWFFF WU}fiQJK†SF⁄QOL[HPEQJY~}†FW“QJK†SOLQK}VDX 7U}fiQJK†S6XEQHWPDVN PQJFRQ P\FKãPôLPQJ 7U}fiQJK†S6XEQHWPDVN PQJFRQ P\FKãPôLPQJ 7U}fiQJK†S6XEQHWPDVN PQJFRQ P\FKãPôLPQJ 7U}fiQJK†S6XEQHWPDVN PQJFRQ P\FKãPôLPQJ 7U}fiQJK†S6XEQHWPDVN PQJFRQ P\FKãPôLPQJ 7U}đQJ K²S 7U}đQJ K²S 7U}đQJ K²S 7U}đQJ K²S 7U}đQJ K²S VXEQHWV KRVWV SHU QHW VXEQHWV KRVWV SHU QHW VXEQHWV KRVWV SHU QHW VXEQHWV KRVWV SHU QHW VXEQHWV KRVWV SHU QHW VXEQHW LG wFK KRVWV wÊD FK VXEQHW LG wFK KRVWV wÊD FK VXEQHW LG wFK KRVWV wÊD FK VXEQHW LG wFK KRVWV wÊD FK VXEQHW LG wFK KRVWV wÊD FK PQJ P\ FK´ Wá ~Q PQJ P\ FK´ Wá ~Q PQJ P\ FK´ Wá ~Q PQJ P\ FK´ Wá ~Q PQJ P\ FK´ Wá ~Q 7U}đQJ K²S 7U}fiQJK†S7U}fiQJK†S 9ÂG•wÊDFKPQJO–S&P1,&SKyQFKR9’&O7UzQ~ÊDFK Q\SKyQUDPQJFRQWK~ÊDFKVO 0QJwÊDFKPQJ wÊDFKP\FKãWUzQPQJ~ĐW‚~Q 0QJwÊDFKPQJ wÊDFKP\FKãWUzQPQJ~ĐW‚~Q ,, qD FK P}QJ FRQ Wô xD FK OÔS % ’HIDXOW0DVNFãDO–S%O FODVVE 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 1 0 net id host id 1HW ,' .KL SKyQ ~ÊD FK PQJ FRQ Vạ GãQJ 2FWHW wÊDFKO–S%FĐ2FWHWWKằYWKằGQKFKR~ÊDFKP\FKãQzQYQJX\zQ OÀFĐWKO\~}†FFELW~WR~ÊDFKPQJ1XW‚P›W~ÊDFKPQJ~}†F 1,&SKyQFKảQJWD~ÊQKPflU›QJOzQPQJYPôLPQJVFĐP\FKã 7U}fiQJK†SQ\VO\KWELWFãDRFWHWWKằE“VXQJYR~ÊDFKPQJYFK F⁄QOLELWWK…FWFKR~ÊDFKP\FKãWKHRFFKWÂQKV‹WKSSKyQQ JLWUÊFãD ELWQK}~¯QzXflSKQO–S&FKảQJWDVFĐ %rQJSKkQFKLDpDFKPuQJFRQOS% &ODVV% 6XEQHWWLQJ'HIDXOW 6XEQHW PDVN 6XEQHW0DVN RIVXEQHWV 6ơ PQJ FRQ RIKRVWVSHU VXEQHW 6ơ P\ FK´ WUzQ PôL PQJ FRQ 6ạ GãQJ 2FWHW ~ P¯ UưQJ PQJ FRQ 6ạ GãQJ F 2FWHW ~ P¯ UưQJ PQJ FRQ wÊDFKO–S%YOÀWKX\WFĐRFWHW~XFKR~ÊDFKPQJNKLFKLDPQJFRQ WKHRSK}|QJSKSV„G•QJWWFELW WURQJRFWHWFKR~ÊDFKPQJ WUzQWK…F W}|QJằQJY–LO–S&QK}Y\Y~ÊDFK1,&SKyQOO–S%QK}QJFFKW“FKằF~ÊD FKOLflO–S&;HP%QJSK•O•FSKyQ~ÊDFKPQJFRQflO–S%7URQJEQJ Q\FQFKảÀflF›WNKRQJFFK~ÊDFKJL”DPQJFRQJL–LWKLXFKRFKảQJ WDFFKWÂQK~ÊDFKFFPQJFRQ~ÊDFKFFP\FKãWUzQW‚QJPQJOLzQTXDQ W–LF›W 9ÂG•7U}fiQJK†S6XEQHWPDVNOUƒQKW &KLD~}†FPQJFRQPôLPQJFRQFĐP\FKãNKRQJ FFK~ÊDFKJL”DKDLPQJFRQOFĐQJKĂD 0QJFRQFĐ~ÊDFKO[[[\\\0QJFRQVFĐ~ÊDFKO [[[\\\ [[[\\\FằWLSW•FQK}Y\WDVWÂQK~}†F ~ÊDFKFãDW‚QJPQJFRQYPQJFRQO[[[\\\ wÊDFKP\FKã~XWLzQWUzQPQJFRQO[[[\\\~ÊDFKP\ FKã~XWLzQWUzQPQJFRQVO[[[\\\ [[[\\\ 7LSW•FQK}Y\WDVWÂQK~ÊDFK~}†FP\FKã~XWLzQFãDPQJFRQO [[[\\\YY 7}|QJ W…FKảQJ WDELW~}†F~ÊDFK FX‹L F‡QJFãDFFP\FKã WUzQ P›WPQJFRQ 7KHRK}–QJGQQ\FKảQJWDVWP~}†FFFWU}fiQJK†SNKF 7ĐP OL FKLD ~ÊD FKPQJ FRQ FàQJSKL WKHRP›W TX\ OXW QKW ~ÊQK QJRLÀPX‹QFãDFKảQJWDNKLFKLDPQJFRQFàQJEÊPWNKQKLX~ÊDFK PWÂWKD\QKLXWX‰WKX›FYRFFWU}fiQJK†SF•WK

Các file đính kèm theo tài liệu này:

Gioi thieu Ip vesion 4.PDF