Cuộc khởi nghĩa Hai Bà Trưng sau 1970 năm nhìn lại

c u o c K H d l N G H I A H A I B A TRlIlVG SAU 1970 ]^AM ]\HIM LAI NGUY£N QUANG NGOC* Cuoc khcli nghia no ra vao mua Xuan, thang 3 nSm Canh Ty (nam 40) tai cfla song Hat v& bi Ma Vien danh bai ve cd ban cl ca'm Khe vao diu H6, thang 4 nSm Quy Dau (nSm 43), thdi gian ton tai thiic te chl hdn 3 nSm. The nhiing day phai diidc coi 1^ s\i ki^n co gia tri dSc bi$t nha't trong suo't tien trinh lich sfl da't nU6c, khong chi vi no la cot mo'c ban le khSng dinh thanh tiiu ba't hii cua nhan dan ta trong thcfi dai diing nU6c dSu tien vk dinh hiidng cho tiidng lai phat trien cua cuoc da'u tranh thoat khoi ach tho'ng tri nghin nSm cua ke thii phiidng BSc, ma con d cho no dUdc sfl cu cua ca Trung Quoc va Vi^t Nam ghi lai kha cu thl , v6i thai do tran trong va dUdc khac dam trong ky Uc dan gian nhU mot chan ly lich sfl, cang ngay cang rang rd, cang ngay cang ngdi sang. 1. Cuoc ddng khfli toan dan, Trieu dinh Trifng Yttdng va Kinh do Me Linh 1.1. Ve que hxidng va dong doi Hai BaTri/ng ^ 'i o^ TrUng TrSc, TrUng Nhi la con gai ca cua Lac tiidng huyen Me Linh. Da't Me Linh la da't ban bo cua cac vua Hung, k6o dai tren hai bd song Hong tii phia tren cua dinh tam giac chau Viet Tri (Phii Tho) cho den g^n noi thanh Ha Noi va trai rong tii vung niii Ba Vi sang viing niii Tam Dao, tUdng dUdng vdi ph in ldn cac tinh Phii Tho, Vinh Phiic va Ha Noi hien nay. Nam 106 tr. CN, nha Han dat chau Giao Chi thong sua't 7 quan cl luc dia va dSt tri sd cl quan Giao Chl. Diing din chau Giao Chi la chiic Thii sfl, dong tri sd tai Me Linh (lang Ha Loi, xa Me Linh, huyen Me Linh, Ha Noi). Nha Han ban diu dat ca Chau tri, Qu^n tri va Do uy tri Giao Chi cl tren da't Me Linh vdi muc dich viia cai quan toan viing Nam Viet va Au Lac cii, viXa triic tie'p khong che "ddt td" cua ngiidi Lac Viet (1). Sach Dai Viet sd ky toan thU ch6p: TrUng Trac "nguyen la hg Lac, con gdi cua Lac tUdng huyen Me Linh, Phong Chdu" (2). Theo truyen thuyet dan gian va th in tich mieu Men va dinh Nam Nguyen (nay la thon Nam An, xa Cam Thiidng, huyen Ba Vi, Ha Noi) thi me Hai Ba TrUng la chau ngoai vua Hung, ngUdi lang Nam Nguyen. Ba goa chong sdm nen phai mot ' GS-TS. Vi?n Vigt Nam hoc vh Khoa hoc phat trien • DHQG HN Rghien curu Lich sfl. sg 3.2010 minh dam dang viec nuoi day hai con gai trong dau chan tSm va chSm chi luyen tap vo nghe. Truyen thuyet con ke r ing que cha cua Hai Ba Triing la lang Ha Ldi (xa Me Linh, huyen Me Linh) va gia dinh bo me cua Hai Ba Tning chuyen nghe trong dau, chan tSm, det lua. Than tich lang Lau ThUdng (Bach Hac, Phii Tho) con giai thich vi bo' me Hai Ba Tning lam nghe chan tam nen mdi dat ten con theo ten cac loai kin (k6n diy la triing chac, tiic TrUng Trie, con k6n mong la triing nhi tdc TrUng Nhi). Tuy chua co day dii tif lieu de xac dinh mot each that cu the, chinh xac que hUdng cua Hai Ba TrUng, nhUng v in co the tin dUdc r ing Hai Ba sinh ra va ldn len gin bo vdi khu viic hai ben bd song Hong, doan tii Ha Loi (Me Linh) len den chua Mia (xa DUdng Lam, Sdn Tay), mieu Men (xa Cam ThUdng, huyen Ba Vi), nay deu thuoc Ha Noi (3) . TrUng Trie la ngUdi phu nii "ra't hiing dUng", "c6 can ddm, dung lUpc". Chong TrUng Trie la Thi Sach, eon trai Lac tUdng huyen Chu Dien (vung luu viic song Day va md sang ca song Hong bao gom khu viic Ha Noi, Ha Nam hien nay). Sach Dai Viet sd ky todn thu giai thich kha cu the: "Thi Sdch cung Id con Lac tUdng, con hai nhd Lac tudng ket Hon vdi nhau" (4). Viec hai gia dinh Lac tUdng eo the liic ldn eua hai huyen hang dau cua quan Giao Chi, ciing la viing da't to cua ngUdi Lac Viet, trung tam quan trong nha't da't nUdc liic do ket moi thong gia vdi nhau da lam cho thanh the cua ho cang them manh. 1.2. Tii Hoi t he Non nUfle of cfla song Hat t r o n 1970 n a m trifflc Chinh sach cai tri tan bao eua nha Dong Han da thoi thue Thi Sach, TrUng Trie hiep mUu tinh ke noi day cho'ng lai va dia ban hai huyen Me Linh, Chu Dien trd thanh trung tam ehu^n bi khdi nghia. NhUng ching may cong viec bi bai 16. To Dinh da th ing tay dan ap va giet chet Thi Sach trUdc khi cuoc khdi nghia no' ra (5). Hanh vi bao ngUde cua To Dinh khong nhQng khong dap t i t y chi da'u tranh eua TrUng Trie, ma trai lai cang lam cho ngon Ifla cam thu boc cao. Thang 3 nam 40, TrUng Trie da ciing em la TrUng Nhi phat dong cuoc khdi nghia d khu viie cfla song Hat (xa Hat Mon, huyen Phiic Tho, Ha Noi) vdi muc dich den nd nUdc, tra thU nha. Sach Thien Nam ngU luc, thien sfl ca dUdm tinh dan gian the ky XVII ch6p ve Ldi the cua TrUng Trie tnidc quan si, cho biet ly do khdi nghia: "Mgt xin rica sg,ch nUdc thii, Hai xin dem lai nghiep xUa hg Hiing. Ba keo oan dc long chong, Bdn xin ven ven thda cdng lenh ndy" (6). Nhiing ngUdi yeu nUde kh ip ndi r im rSp k6o ve tu nghia d cfla song Hat. Cd nhiing ngUdi tif viing Phii Tho, Vinh Phuc theo song Hong, song Thao xuoi xudng. Cd nhiing ngUdi tii mien da't Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Hai DUdng, HUng Yen theo sdng Kinh Thay, sdng Dudng, song Hdng ngUde len. Cd nhiing ngUdi tii viing Bic Ninh, Bic Giang xU Bic k6o ve. Co nhung ngudi tii vung Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam thuoc vung xii Nam ngUdc ddng song Luoc, sdng Hong, song Day k6o de'n. Ra't nhieu cae vi tUdng d viing trung tam chau thd' sdng Hong (Ha Noi ngay nay) k6o sang, ciing cd khdng it nhiing ngUdi tfl cae viing xa xdi tan ben bd sdng Ma thuoc quan Cflu Chan tim ra (7)... Ho la nhiing ngUdi ed ten hay khdng cd ten va ph in nhieu nhQng ten dUde ke ra CuQc hhdfi nghla I?ai Ea Tnmg.. chi mang tinh cha't bieu tning hay do ngUdi ddi sau them vao. NhUng cd the hinh dung moi ngudi, moi ten goi la mot dai di^n cho cac gia dinh, ddng ho, lang que va cac dia phUdng ling nghia. Ho bao gom du cac ldp ngudi, Ida tuo'i, cac thanh phin cU dan, thanh ph in xa hoi. Cd nhiing ngUdi la quy toe giau sang dem de'n ca nhiing dao quan, nhUng ciing cd nhiing ngUdi ngheo chi biet dang hien mang sd'ng cua minh cho nghia ca. Ngoai nhiing ngUdi Viet phUdng Nam, cdn cd ca nhiing ngUdi Han do khdng chiu diing nd'i ach thdng tri cua Thai thii Td Dinh da ndi day chdng lai va tii nguyen tim de'n Hat Mdn... Cfla sdng Hat la cho gap nhau eua hai ddng sdng ldn: sdng Hong va sdng Day, thdi ky diu Cdng nguyen cdn n im d phia trUdc cfla den Hat Mdn hi^n nay. Ndi day la diu md'i cua cac luong dudng giao thdng thuy quan trong nha't cua nUdc ta khi dd, ndi lien Me Linh vdi Chu Dien - n im trong viing que eua ca TrUng Trie va Thi Sach, roi dd ra cfla bien Thin Phii, nd'i thdng vdi Cflu Chan d phia Nam. MSc dii d vi tri trung tam da't nUdc, nhUng cfla sdng Hat lai hoi du dUdc cac dieu kien thuan ldi de xay dUng mot can cd khdi nghia, nhu sach Thien Nam ngU luc md ta: "Hdt Mon co the dung binh. Sdng sdu ldm cii, riing xanh ldm nhd" (8). Hai Ba TrUng da triet de khai thac vi the thuan ldi eua viing cfla sdng Hat de chuin bi liic lUdng, xay diing can cd va phat dong khdi nghla, td' chdc hdi the tai TrUdng Sa Chau la khu viic canh dong phia trUdc den Hat Mdn hi^n nay. Hdi the sdng Hat miia Xuan nam 40 da di vao lieh sfl nhu mot Hdi the d iu tien quy tu sdc manh cua ca nUdc va ciing la Hoi the Non nUdc diu tien. 1.3. Den cuoc ddng khfli cua t oan d a n ,,,•- •)• , r,-... Roi tii cfla sdng Hat, tii TrUdng Sa Chau dai quan cua TrUng Trie theo ddng sdng Hong kdo xud'ng danh chiem Dd uy tri (thuoc Ha Ldi, huyen Me Linh), danh chiem lai thanh Co' Loa (Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi). Tfl Cd' Loa nghia quan md cuoc tien cdng ed y nghia quye't dinh danh thing vao dinh Thai thu Td Dinh, giai phdng thanh Luy Lau la sao huyet cua chinh quyen dd ho Ddng Han (d khu viic Liing Khe, huyen Thuan Thanh, tinh Bic Ninh). Khdi nghia Hat Mdn lap tiic dUdc sii hudng iing cua cae lac tudng, lac dan, khdng chl d Me Linh, Chu Dien ma eon d cac dia phUdng khac. Sach Hau Hdn thU cho biet: Nhiing ngUdi Man, ngUdi Ly (tieng chi chung cac dan tdc phUdng Nam) d 4 quan Giao Chi, Cflu Chan, Nhat Nam, Hdp Phd' deu nha't te ndi day hudng dng. Sach Dg,i Viet sd ky todn thU chi ra cu the hdn la cuoc khdi nghia bung no' d quan Giao Chi va "cdc quan Nam Hdi, Cdu Chdn, Nhat Nam, Hcfp Pho'deu hudng dng" (9). Phong trao da nhanh chdng trd thanh cupc nd'i day cua toan dan, viia mang tinh cha't quy tu, vUa mang tinh chat toa rong. Dd la sii quy tu ve cfla sdng Hat, ve khu viic quan Giao Chi, quy tu trong sii lanh dao thdng nha't cua vi nii tudng anh hung tre tuo'i TrUng Trie. Dd la sii toa rong khdng chi tren cac vung lanh thd' cua Lac Viet, Au Viet ma cdn lan toa de'n cac bo lac d phia Nam va phia Bic cua nUde Au Lae, ldi cudn dUdc nhieu bo toe Vi$t khac d mien Nam Trung Qudc ciing di theo (10). Day rd rang la sii thdc tinh cua tinh than dan tdc Viet. Cuoc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng phan anh y thiic dan tdc da kha rd ret cua eac Lac tUdng, Lac dan trong cac bo lac hdp thanh nUdc Au Lac cii. Rghi&i cihi Lich sfl. sg 3.2010 Chinh quyen dd hg tan ra va sup dd nhanh chdng trUdc sflc ta'n cdng cua quin chung khdi nghia. Bon quan lai Ddng Han hoang sd bo he't cua cai, gia'y td, a'n tin thao chay ve nUdc. Ban than Thai thii Td Dinh, da phai bo thanh Luy Lau, bd ca a'n tin, c i t tdc, cao rau len trdn ve Nam Hai. 1.4. Trieu dinh Triing Vvfctag va Kinh do Me Linh Chl trong mot thdi gian ngin, ngon ed chinh nghia eua cudc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng da tap hdp dUdc 65 huyen thanh (nghia la toan bo lanh thd' nUde ta hoi dd). Nen doc lap dan tdc lai dUdc phuc hoi sau hdn 200 nam chim d im dUdi ach dd ho cua phong kien Trung Qudc. TrUng Trie dUde suy tdn lam vua (ma sfl cii goi la TrUng VUdng) (11), ddng dd d Me Linh (khu viic Ha Ldi, huy$n Me Linh, Ha Ndi) (12). Nha sfl hoc ddi Tran la Le Van HUu nhan xdt: "TrUng Trac, TrUng Nhi Id ddn bd, hd mgt tieng md cdc quan Cdu Chdn, Nhat Nam, Hcfp Pho', ciing 65 thdnh dLinh Ngoai deu hudng Ung, viec dttng nUdc xiing vUctng de nhU trd bdn tay, co the thd'y hinh the dd't Viet ta du dUng dUc/c nghiep bd vuang" (13). Nha sfl hoc Ngd Si Lien, tac gia chinh cua bo qud'c sfl ddi Le Dgi Viet sii ky todn thu cho r ing "Hg TrUng gian thdi thu nhd Hdn bao ngUdc, vung tay hd mgt tieng md qud'c thd'ng nUdc ta cd ho dUac khdi phuc..." (14). Le Ngd Cat va Pham Dinh Toai d iu the ky XIX da dien ta lai sU kien lich sfl nay that sinh ddng trong sach Dgi Nam quo'c sit dien ca: "Bd TrUng quid Chdu Phong, Gign ngUdi tham bao, thd chong chdng quen. Chi em ndng mgt ldi nguyen, Phdt cd nUdng til thay quyen tUdng qudn. Ngdn Tdy ndi dng phong trdn. Am dm binh md xuong gdn Long Bien. Hong qudn nhe bUdc chinh yen, Dudi ngay Td Dinh dep yen bien thdnh. Dd ky dong coi Me Linh, Linh Nam rieng mgt trieu dinh nUdc ta Ba thu gdnh vdc sOn hd..." (15). Sfl sach Trung Qudc ciing chdp kha cu the ve sii kien nay. Thuy kinh chu cho biet: Tning Trie "len ldm vua, dong dd d huyen Me Linh, cho ddn hai qudn Giao Chi, CiCu Chdn dUdc mien thue trong 2 ndm" (16). Dong thdi vdi viec thiic thi chu trUdng xa thue cho dan, quan ly da't nUdc, chinh quyen Tning VUdng ngay tii bud'i d iu mdi thanh lap da phai don sUc s ip dat mot ke hoach bao ve Vudng trieu, bao ve nen doc lap cua da't nUdc vUa mdi gianh lai dUdc. Cuoc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng thiic cha't la mot cuoc dong khdi cfla toan dan tren pham vi ca nUde. Hai Ba TrUng da diia vao dan ma khdi phuc lai sU nghiep xUa cua vua Hiing, vua Thuc sau hdn 200 nam ma't nUde, sau khi cac trieu dai phUdng Bic rao riet va tham doc thi hanh chinh s^ch dong hoa nh im bien Au Lac vinh vien trd thanh quan huyen cfla chung. Hai Ba TrUng da gianh lai nen doc lap giQa liic nha Han ra sflc thi hanh chinh sach "binh Thien hg", truyen ba tU tudng "tdn qudn dgi thdng nhd't", coi eac dan tdc phUdng Nam la "Man Di", la "thudc quo'c" va budc ta't ca phai phuc tiing "Thien tilt", "Thien trieu". Cuoc khdi nghia Hai Ba Tning vdi nhiing noi dung va muc tieu nhU vfty, vdi sU thanh cdng nhanh chdng va sU suy tdn TrUng CuQc khdi nghla Ijai Ba Tnmg... Trie len n i m quyen quan ly, dieu hanh da't nudc la sii troi day cua y thdc dan toe, cua y thdc tii chu cua nhan dan ta, phu dinh hien ngang cai cUdng quyen sai trai Dai Han (17). 2. Cuoc khang chien chong quan xam Ixific Dong Han 2.1. Chan dich fl tuyen dau va quye t chien fl Lang Bac Nghe tin TrUng Trie khdi nghia va xUng vUdng, vua Quang Vii nha Han "hg chieu cho cdc qudn TrUdng Sa, Hop Phd, Giao Chi sdm sda xe thuyen, siia sang cdu dudng, thdng mien khe nui, trQ sdn thdc ggo" (18), rao riet chuin bi liic lUdng va hau cin tai chie'm nUdc ta. Han Quang Vii mudn ngay lap tiic tien danh Giao Chi, nhUng liic nay nha Ddng Han dang phai don siic dd'i phd vdi nhieu cuoc nd'i day d trong nude, dae biet la cuoc khdi nghia ndng dan do Ly Quang cim d iu d Hoan Thanh (An Huy, Trung Qudc). Sau khi tinh hinh Trung Qud'c tam yen, vao thang tU, miia Ha, nam Kien Vii thd 18 (nam 42), Han Quang Vii phong cho Ma Vien lam Phuc Ba tudng quan, thdng su i t dai quan k6o sang xam lUdc nUde ta. Hah Quang Vii da gfli gim toan bd niem tin vao vien lao tudng 58 tuo'i, tan tuy va liing danh nay. Tdng sd quan linh trong doan quan xam lUde khoang 2 van quan cung 2 nghin thuyen xe ldn nhd (19), chia lam hai canh, theo hai dudng thuy bd tien vao nUde ta. Dao quan thuy tien doc theo dUdng ven bien Quang Ddng vao vinh Ha Long roi vao cfla bien Bach Ding va tien vao noi dia theo dudng sdng Cim. Tren bo, nhieu doan dudng chUa dUdc khai thdng. Ma Vien cho quan "theo dUdng ven bien md tie'n, san nui ldm dudng hcfn nghin ddm" (20). Con dudng nay tUdng dUdng vdi con dUdng ven bien tii khu vUc Quang Ddng tie'n vao vung dia d iu tinh Quang Ninh roi bam sat con dudng bo ven bien, ven sdng tie'n vao Ddng Trieu, Pha Lai, Luy Lau, Co' Loa, Me Linh. Day la con dudng giao thdng bo ed nh i t va gin nhu duy n h i t ndi lien khu viic nUdc ta vdi mien Ddng Nam Trung Qudc sudt thdi Bic thudc. Ca hai dao quan thuy, bo - theo each td chdc cfla Ma Vien la phai ludn ludn bam sat nhau, ho trd cho nhau, phdi hdp chat che vdi nhau trong hanh quan va tac chien (21). Hai Ba TrUng da chu dong td chdc liic lUdng danh dich ngay tai vung dia diu sdng nUde cua To qudc. Cd kha nhieu di tich va truyen thuyet dan gian ve cae tran chien da'u ehdng quan xam lUdc Ddng Han d khu vUc hai ben bd sdng Cim doan tii ndi thanh Hai Phdng ngUdc trd len (22). NhUng vi ludng tnidc dUdc the dich qua manh nen Hai Ba TrUng quye't dinh khdng ddn toan bg binh liic ra vung dia diu ma chl sau mdt sd tran ta'n cdng dao quan thuy khi ehiing chUa kip phdi hdp vdi dao quan bg, chu ddng lui ve phia sau, tap trung cao do liic lUdng chan ddng va tieu di^t dich d Lang Bac (23). _, . . ,; Lang Bac nhU cac sach Thuy kinh chd vk Hdu Hdn thU md ta la viing gd di t cao ndi len giiia viing ddng triing ngap lut (24), cd nhieu ldi the de phat huy sd trUdng eua ta, han che Uu the cua dich, da dUde Hai Ba TrUng chgn lam ndi bd tri tran dia quyet chien vdi quan xam lUdc Ddng Han. Tren dudng rut ve Lang Bae, Hai Ba TrUng vin td chiic cac tran danh chan quan giac ma dgc theo dai sdng Kinh Thiy, khu viic Luc Diu Giang deu cd nhiing di tich, den thd va huyen tich eac tUdng linh eua Hai Ba danh tra quyet ligt tflng budc hanh quan cua doan quan xam lUdc. Rghian ciJru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010 Cho de'n nay v in cdn tdn tai nhieu quan niem khac nhau ve vi tri cu the eua vdng chien trUdng Lang Bac. Ma Vien vdi quye't tam tai chie'm nUde ta, dat lai nen dd hd Ddng Han, khdng the khdng Iiy eac toa thanh Luy Lau (trung tam chinh tri eua ehinh quyen dd hg Ddng Han viia mdi bi mi t ve tay TrUng VUdng), Cd Loa (kinh dd cua nUdc Au Lae eii, hien hien va i n tang sde sdng Lac Vi^t) va Me Linh (qud'c dd eua chinh quyen TrUng VUdng, ndi dat bg ehi huy d iu nao khang chien) la muc tieu sd' mgt cin phai chiem lai b ing mgi gia. Lang Bac d phia Ddng ngoai thanh Cd Loa va bao ve cho thanh Co Loa nhU nhieu tac gia da phan tich la hdp ly. Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi Lang Bac cdn d phia ngoai ca toa thanh Luy Lau va bao v$ cho ca thanh nay niia. Thanh Luy Lau vUa la thanh qua to ldn mdi gianh lai dUde cua cugc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng, vUa la vi tri then chd't vao bac nh i t c in phai bao ve va bao ve dUdc nd la cd the chan diing va danh tan cugc t i n cdng xam lUdc eua quan Ddng Han. Khdng cd ly do gi chinh quyen TrUng VUdng lai dl dang bd mac va hoan toan khdng tinh den toa thanh dae bi$t quan trgng nay trong ke hoach phdng thu qud'c dd. Chung tdi diia theo sach An Nam tdc sU cua Tr in Phu (sfl t h i n nha Nguyen) chdp Van Kiep thdi thugc DUdng la Lang Chau va tien hanh khao sat khu viic Van Kiep va eac viing lan can de tim kiem md'i quan h^ gida Lang Chau va Lang Bac. Khu vUc phia trong Van Kiep (tiie la phia trong Lang Chau) nay thugc huyen Gia LUdng tmh Bic Ninh, ndi ed gd eao ndi len giiia khu ddng triing nUde ngap (dung nhU md ta cua sach Thuy kinh chu vk sach Hgu Hdn thu ve viing Lang Bae). Day chinh la d iu md'i hgi tu cua cac ludng dUdng giao thdng thuy bd quan trgng n h i t nd'i thdng viing Ddng Bic vdi trung tam Me Linh - Qud'c dd cua chinh quyen TrUng VUdng, ndi cd "con dUdng eua nhiing ke xam lUdc" chay qua. Viing nay tnic tiep che chin cho Luy Lau (va ca cd Loa, Me Linh) d phia sau. Tai day cd nhieu truyen thuyet va di tich chien trUdng thdi ky d i u Cdng nguyen. Ket hdp cac ngudn tai lieu thU tich va khao sat thiic dia, chung tdi dii doan vung Lang Bac, ndi Hai Ba TrUng bd' tri t ran dia ddn danh quan xam lUde Ddng Han khdng n i m ngoai khu vUc phia ddng huy^n Gia Binh va phia ddng bic huyen LUdng Tai, tinh Bic Ninh ngay nay. Hai Ba TrUng bUdc d i u da thanh cdng trong viec kim chan quan Ddng Han tai Lang Bac, chan diing va pha vd ke hoach tieu digt that nhanh ggn toan bg lUc lUdng khang chien cfla ta. Ma Vien sau nhieu l in tien cdng khdng gianh dUde th ing ldi, lai khdng hdp thuy thd phUdng Nam, quan si m i t siic chien diu , da cam th iy bi quan, chan chudng. Binh Luc h i u Han Vii da chet, chUa rd vi b$nh tat hay vi tran mac, nhUng cai chet cua y giiia viing chien trudng ae li$t khdng khdi lam nao nung tinh t h i n tUdng si Ddng Han. Da cd luc cam canh vi noi hi sa Iiy d Lang Bac, khi hau khic nghiet, quan si dau dm, lUdng thiie thieu thdn, tinh t h i n r^u ra, lUdng trUdc kha nSng bi t h i t bai hoan toan ma Ma Vien phai tinh de'n chuydn tim each nit quan ve nUdc (25). Khu viic phia ddng huyen Gia Binh va phia bic huyen Luong Tai (Bic Ninh) kdo dai ve phia Luc D iu Giang qua khao sat thiic dia, cd r i t nhieu truyen thuyet dan gian, dia danh, di tfch lien quan den nhiing thay ma, bai xac quan xam lUde Ma Vi^n (26). Phai chang day la nhiing anh xa cdn lai cua nhiing tr^n chien d i u ae li$t giiia quan ddi TrUng VUdng vdi quan xam lUdc Cugc khdfi nghia Ijai Ba Trung. Ddng Han, mgt vung chien trUdng Lang Bac mua hd nam 42, bieu tUdng tuy^t vdi cua long qua cam va tinh t h in chien diu ngoan cUdng cua quan dgi TrUng VUdng. The nhUng vi tUdng quan liic lUdng qua chenh lech va sau mdt thdi gian hdi sdc trd lai, Ma Vign da d in d in gianh dUdc the chu dgng. Ma Vien la vien tUdng day dan kinh nghidm tran mac, cd sd quan ddng, thien chien, cd cac liic lUdng thuy bg phdi hdp, lai rat thao Id'i danh tap trung theo kieu tran dia chien. Trong khi dd Hai Ba TrUng mdi ph i t cd khdi nghia, liic lUdng vUa tap hdp lai, cdn qua non tre va chUa cd kinh nghiem chien diu, khdng cd kha nang cim cU lau dai vdi quan xam lUdc Ddng Han d Lang Bac. Quan eua TrUng Vudng cang ngay cang bdc Id rd the yeu, bi thiet hai nang. Cd den hang nghin ngUdi bi b i t va da hy sinh than minh tren chien luy. 2.2. Lui ve giuf Co Loa, Me Linh va co thu fl Cam Khe Tha'y khdng the kdo dai thdi gian cim cii vdi Ma Vign dUde niia, Hai Ba TrUng quyet dinh rut quan khdi Lang Bae, lui ve giii thanh cd Loa (huyen Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi). Thanh cd Loa, mdt toa thanh kien cd', thuy bg lien hoan da dUdc TrUng VUdng sfl dung khai thac t i t ca cac ldi the eua nd de chan diing va tieu digt doan quan xam lUde da gianh dUdc ldi the va dang tie'n ve hudng kinh thanh Me Linh. Liic nay chien trUdng trai rgng ra kh ip vung TU Sdn, Tien Sdn, Tien Du, Ddng Anh va n h i t la khu \nlc xung quanh Co Loa. Nhieu tUdng linh cua TrUng VUdng da chien d iu va hy sinh d day (27). Nhung toa thanh Co Loa kien cd ciing khdng giup TrUng Trie bao toan dUdc liic lUdng trUdc siic t i n edng ao at cfla Ma Vign, ba danh phai dem quan ve kinh thanh Me Linh d Ha Ldi (huygn Me Linh). Doan quan xam lUdc da ap sat qud'c dd Me Linh. Khdng cdn dUdng nao khac TrUng VUdng danh phai bd thanh Ha Ldi, lui ve cd thu d khu can cd Cim Khe - ben hiiu ngan sdng Day, doan kdo dai tU chan nui Ba Vi thugc huyen Thach Th i t cho den vung chiia HUdng, huyen My Diic, Ha Ngi (28). Liy sdng Day lam hao ngoai, l iy nui Ba Vi hiem yeu lam chd diia, lai cd toan bd khu viic Cflu Chan (Thanh-Nghe-'Hnh) lam hau cii d phia sau, TrUng Trie hy vgng can eU Cim Khe se la ed sd chd che eho nghia quan trUde eac cugc tan cdng nhU vii bao cua ke thii. Day ciing se la cd sd duy tri liic lUdng lau dai va khi ed thdi cd thuan ldi se la ban dap de nghia quan td chdc phan cdng gianh th ing ldi nhanh chdng. Hai Ba TrUng va cac tudng si da chien u iu r i t anh dung, bao ve den cung can eii Cim Khe. Cugc chien diu vd eung ac liet kdo dai den ea nam trdi. NhUng nui cao, hao sau ciing khdng the ngan chan ndi cac cugc t i n edng cd y nghia quye't dinh eua Ma Vign. Khoang d iu hd, thang 4 nam 43 can ed ca'm Khe bi vd, TrUng Trie cung em la TrUng Nhi da chien d iu de'n cung va anh diing hy sinh tai chien trUdng (29). Dai quan cua TrUng VUdng bi danh tan, ngUdi bi giet, ngUdi bi b i t dem ve Trung Qudc. Theo Hdu Hdn thU, Md Vien truyen thi Ma Vign da dem quan dudi TrUng Trie den Cim Khe, hai ben giao chien nhieu l in nhUng cudi cung quan cua TrUng Trie bi t h i t bai. Ma Vien da giet chet TrUng Trie, TrUng Nhi rdi dUa d iu Hai Ba ve Kinh dd Lac DUdng cua nha Ddng Han. Ngay tii nhiing ngay bi vay ham d Cim Khe, ldi dung dia hinh nui rdng lien thdng, Hai Ba TrUng da chuyen mgt phin liic lUdng vao Cflu Chan, phdi hdp vdi Dd DUdng, Chu Ba va cae thu linh dia phUdng tie'p tue chien d iu lau dai. Mae du da giet dUde ngUdi ddng d iu ehinh quyen, danh 10 Rghien curu Lich sfl, sg 3.2010 tan quan dgi chu lUc cfla TrUng VUdng, nhUng Ma Vien v i n th iy con dUdng binh dinh phUdng Nam cdn vd cung gian lao vat va. Y phai bd ra nhieu thang trdi td chflc cac cudc truy qudt nhiing liic lUdng cdn lai cua TrUng VUdng tren d i t Giao Chi. Thang 9 nam 43, Ma Vien bao cao ve trieu dinh Lae DUdng coi nhU da hoan thanh ve ed ban nhiem vu danh dep TrUng Vudng va doan quan 2 van ngUdi, 2 nghin thuyen xe eua y "tii khi vdo Giao Chi cho de'n nay vdn thinh" (30). Ma Vien cd tinh che giiu nhiing tdn th i t , mat mat d Lang Bac, d Cd Loa de tao them niem tin va tranh thu sU ung hd cua trieu dinh Lac DUdng cho y tie'p tuc tien cdng tieu diet triet de liic lUdng khang chien cdn lai cua TrUng Vudng. 2.3. Chien d a u d e n ngUfli l inh cuoi cung t r e n da t Cflu Chan Diu thdng 10 nam 43, v in theo Thuy kinh chu, doku quan xam lUdc vdi hai dao thuy bd tien xudng phia Nam, dgc theo con dudng qua cfla sdng Ddy ra cfla bien Th in Phii (Nga Sdn, Thanh- Hda) de vao Cflu Chan (31). Ma Vien cdn phai sai quan dao sdng chay thdng qua dai nui da de hai dao thuy bg cd the phdi hdp chat che vdi nhau bao dam an toan trong cudc chinh phuc cudi ciing nay. Ngay tai vung dia d iu Cflu Chan, do khdng the chdng cU ndi cugc tien cdng cua Ma Vign, thu linh dia phUdng huygn Vd Thiet da d iu hang quan Ddng Han. Ciing cd ndi thu linh rut quan vao ruCng sau, kien quye't khdng chiu d iu hang quan giae nhU trudng hdp eU soai Chu Ba d huyen Du Phat (32). Khi tien quan den mien trung tam Cflu Chan, Ma Vien da gap phai sii khang cii vd eung quyet Het cua liic lUdng khang chien do lao tUdng Dd DUdng ehi huy. Theo truyen thuyet dia phUdng cd hang ngan ngUdi da chien d i u va hy sinh anh diing tren manh dat que hUdng. Tie'p tuc tie'n quan vao khu viic phia nam Cflu Chan, doan quan xam lUdc Ma Vien cdn gap phai sii khang cii quyet liet. Quan dgi TrUng VUdng da chien d i u va hy sinh cho den nhiing ngUdi linh cudi ciing. Hgu Hdn thu, Md Vien truyen cho hay la trong toan bg cugc hanh quan truy qudt lUc lUdng eon lai cfla TrUng VUdng tren d i t Cflu Chan, Ma Vien da giet ca thay hdn 5000 ngUdi. Sach Thuy kinh chu ciing chdp rd la khi Ma Vien kdo quan den huyen Cu Phong thugc quan Cflu Chan, vi nhiing ngUdi thu linh cugc khdi nghia Hai Ba Tning d day da chien d iu den ciing, khdng chiu d iu hang, nen Ma Vien da ra lenh tan sat, chdm chet hang nghin ngUdi (33). Cugc khang chien ehdng quan xam lUdc Ma Vien da hoan toan that bai va bi dim trong bien mau. Mua thu nam sau, nSm 44, Ma Vign dem quan trd ve Trung Qudc. Chinh sfl nha Han phai thiia nhan cd de'n hdn mgt nfla trong tdng sd 2 van quan dUde cfl sang chinh phat Giao Chi, Cflu Chan da vinh vien n i m lai phUdng Nam. Chic h in khi phat quan xam lUdc nUde ta, Han Quang Vii khdng hinh dung het cai gia qua di t cua cuoc chien t ranh xam lUdc nay. Cudc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng la mdt hien tUdng het sdc dgc dao trong lich sfl dan tdc va hiem cd trong lich sfl the gidi cd dai. That khd cd the hinh dung mgt each diy du, chinh xac ve ngudi phu nii tudi chUa trdn ddi mUdi, trong dieu kien mudn van khd khSn va han che cua mgt xa hgi ndng nghiep trdng liia nUdc each ngay nay g in 2000 nam lai cd the lanh dao mgt cugc khdi nghia toan dan gianh th ing ldi nhanh Cugc hhfli nghla Ijai Ba Tnmg. 11 chdng den nhu vay. Phai ddi phd vdi cudc chien tranh tai xam lUdc dai quy md, huy ddng de'n miic tdi da sdc ngUdi sdc eua cua mgt dai de che dang trong giai doan cUdng thinh nhi t , thi sii t h i t bai cua TrUng VUdng cung la dieu khdng tranh khdi. Dii ket cue nhU the nao thi cugc khang chien cua TrUng VUdng v in khdng ehi la miu hinh tuyet vdi eua tinh t h in yeu nUde, quye't tfl cho To qud'c quye't sinh, ma eon danh diu bUdc trUdng thanh vUdt bac cua tinh th in dan tgc, liic lUdng dan tdc va dgi quan dan tdc. Cugc khdi nghia va cugc khang chien do Hai Ba TrUng ddng diu chinh la mgt cai mde ban le khing dinh nhiing gia tri vinh viin eua thdi dai diing nude Hiing VUdng-An DUdng VUdng, eua nen van hoa, van minh Van Lang-Au Lac, dat cd sd nen tang cho th ing ldi cudi ciing cfla cugc d iu tranh trUdng ky di den ddc lap hoan toan sudt mdt thien nien ky. Cugc khdi nghia va cugc khang chien nay, vi the khdng chl la sii md d iu cho tUdng lai phat trien cua d i t nUdc d thien nien ky diu tien, ma cdn la sU dinh hudng cho toan bg tien trinh phat trien cua lich sfl Viet Nam trong cac thien nien ky tiep theo. TU thie'u nii eua ddng lua, bai dau sdng Hdng, Hai Ba TrUng da trd thanh Anh hung dan tgc vi dai md dUdng eho lich sfl di len. Tfl nii tUdng tdng chi huy khdi nghia va khang chien, Hai Ba Tning da trd thanh huyen thoai, th in thoai, thanh thd ca, thanh mach ngudn cam hdng va sang tao b i t tan trong long nhan ddn, trong long dan tgc (34). CHtJTHtCH (1). Buoi diu nha Tay Han dfit ca Chau trj, Qu&n trj \k Do u^ trj Giao Chi cl huy^n Me Linh. Sang diu thdi Dong Han Qufln trj Giao Chi m6i deli xuong Luy Lau (Thuan*Th&nh, Bfic Ninh). Dii da d6i Quftn trj xuong Luy Lflu, nhUng nhk Dong Han vin dftt Do uy trj tai Me Linh (l^ng Ha Loi, xa Me Linh, huyfn Me Linh, H4 Noi) nhil tni6c dSy. Muc dich chfnh ciia nhi Dong Han vin gifl Do u^ trj cl Me Linh \k "de tr&'n dp miin T&y Bdc Id miin d6l vdi nhd Hdn co nhieu moi lo chinh tri han" (D&o Duy Anh: Bat nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi, Hft Npi, 1964, tr. 50). (2). Dai Viet su" ky todn thU, Ban djch, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hi Npi, 1993, tr. 156. Sach con ch6p sau khi khdi nghia thing Ipi, Bh TrUng len ngoi vua m6i xUng hp Ik "TYUng". Sach Viet sii thdng gidm cUang muc cho biet them: B& TrUng "v6n ho Lac, lai co ten ho nCCa la Tritng, la con gdi lac tudng huyen Me Linh" (T. I, Ban djch da din, tr. 1140. Sich Linh Nam chich qudi cho big^ t "Hai Bd TrUng ho Him^'. ThAt ra tfi't ca cac ten Lac, TrUng, Hiing dg'u khong phai Ik ten hp dildng thdi ciia Hai B4 TrUng. Tu li$u chi cho ph6p xac nhfin Hai Bk TrUng thupc dong doi qu^ tpc Lac Vi$t. (3). Gin day c6 mpt so tac gia cho ring que hUdng ciia Hai B4 TrUng \k xa Ha Bing (tiic \k hai l&ng Ha Loi \k Bing Trii) huy?n Thach Thit, Hk Npi. Day la y kien mdi r i t dang dupc quan tam nghien ciiu. Tiec ring d6 cung mdi chi \k nhflng udc doan khong dfla tren cd sd tfl li^u kha di c6 sflc thuyet phuc. Tu lipu dieu tra khao sat thflc dia tren ca hai viing Ha Loi, Me Linh vk Ha Bing, Thach Thit, Hi Npi \k md rpng ra khu vflc tfl Hi Npi Ien Vi$t Tri deu khong cho ph6p khing djnh Hai Bi Trflng l i ngfldi cua ling xa cy thl nio. Tuy nhien ket hdp t i t ca cac nguon tfl lipu c6 dflpc, chung toi vin tin ring viing que ciia Hai Bi Trflng khong ngoai pham vi doi bd song Hong, doan tfl Ha Loi (Me Linh) len den phia tren thinh pho Sdn Tay. (4). Dai Viet sit ky todn thU, sdd, tr. 156. 12 Rghi^ ciiru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010 (5). Cung c6 t i i lieu ch6p Trflng Trio da ciing chong la Thi (Thi Sach?) noi diy tan cong cac chau quin va 3 nim sau ca Trflng Trie v i Thi Sach deu bj Ma Vipn vay bi t d Kim Khe Cflu (Lich Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chii, sdd, quyen 37, tr. 694). Ciing c6 t i i liiu lai ch6p Thi Sach noi diy chong Dong Han vi tii t r in trfldc khi cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng giinh dfldc thing ldi. Cac nguon tfl lipu khong he ndi de'n vai tro cua Thi Sich trong cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng va di'y chinh l i cd sd xac nhin Thi Sach da bi To Djnh giet chet trfldc khi cupc khdi nghia bung no' nhfl ghi ch6p ciia Dai Viet sii ky todn thU (T. I,^ Ban dich da dan tr. 156), Thien Nam ngU luc, Nxb. Vin hpc, H i Npi, 2000, tr. 79-98), ciing nhfl nhieu thin tich vi truyen thuyet dan gian. (6). Thien Nam ngU luc, sdd, tr. 89. Cho den nay dan ling Hat Mon van con gifl dflpc bii vin the d hpi the song Hat. Hiu he't cic thin tfch, ngpc pha ve tfldng linh ciia Hai Bi Trflng d khip viing Bic Bo deu ch6p ldi the trong hpi the song Hat vi ve cd ban deu giong vdi bii vin the d Hat Mon. Mic diu vin phong vin the c6 mang nhi§~u miu sic mdi do ngfldi ddi sau them vio, nhflng c6 le tinh than vin the vin l i tinh thin cua hpi the xfla. Chung toi xin ch6p ra day de tham khao: "Trdi sinh con ngUcfi Id tong chu cda mudn lodi, sinh linh co c&y, thdy diu quan he. Cdc ddi de vUOng trUdc, vua sdng toi hiin, yeu ddn lo nUdc, diic hod rong khdp, thien ha thanh binh, nUdc nhd v6 sU. Nay co ngUdi khdc giong Id T6 Dinh, thUc lodi de cho bao ngUac hai ddn, trdi ddt thdnh thdn vd con ngudi diu gian. Thiep tdi Id mot ngudi con gdi ddng doi vua Hung, nghe noi tdi sinh linh, trdi xanh cung rai le. Nay nghi tdi ddn md dau Ibng, day nghla trie ke bao tdn, nguyen cdc vi tdn than vi hoi ddn chiing gidm ldi thi, giup cho thiep tdi dem qudn ddnh gidc, giup nudc yen ddn, ddt sinh linh len tren nai chieu dem, dUa moi ngudi ra khoi can nUdc liCa, de khoi phu y cua trdi, giQ yen mieu mao vua xUa, an ui dng cha nai chin suoi". (7). D6 l i Thiiu Hoa, Xuan Nfldng (d Tam Nong), Dinh Thj Phi t Nguyet, Nhin Uyen, Nguyen Thj Hanh, Sdn Dung (d Thanh Ba), A Ning (d Thanh Sdn), Ning Npi (d thinh pho Vi^t Tri), Le A Lan, Le Tui'n Khanh, Hai Long, Ngfuy t^ Dien Cong chua (d Ha Hoa), Mai Hoa Cong chiia (d Lam Thao), Bat Nin Cong chua, A Mj, To Lipu, Hi Td, H i Liiu (d Phil Ninh), Nguyet Cfl, Ti§'n Anh (d Cim Khe), Dim Ngoc Nga, Manh Dao, Trin Tui'n, Vfldng Dao, Cao Sdn, Hiing Dung, Hiing Lipt (d Doan Hung), Ngoc Kinh, Le Minh, Le Thi Liiu, Nguyin Chieu L$ (d Tam Dfldng) tinh Phii Thg. Quach A Nfldng, VTnh Hoa (d YSn Lac), Nguyin Tui'n, Nguyen Tri, Nguyin Linh, Thvic Nfldng, Quy Lan NUdng (d Lip Thach), Xa Lai, Dong Xi (d Kim Anh), Ca Ldi, Hai Ldi, A Ching, A Cha, A La, Dong Vjnh, Dai Dao Song Nga (d Vinh Tfldng), A Dfldng, Ong Binh, Ong Bac, Tui'n Cong, Dam Nfldng, Hong Nfldng, Thanh Nfldng, Do La, mp con ching Vjt (d Binh Xuyen) tinh VTnh Phiic. Nfl tfldng Le Chan (d npi thinh Hai Phong), Lpnh Bi, Chfnh Trpng (d An Hai), Ta Huy Thiem, Ta A Rang, Ta Doan Dung, Dio Quang, Dio Lang, Nguyin Minh (d Tien Lang), TrUdng Thj Ngpc Bing, Pham Vin Dim (d \^nh Bao) thinh pho Hai Phong. Thipn Nhan, Thi^n Khinh, Tong Pha Cong (d Kinh Mon), Ho Dai Lipu, L^ Cong An, Tfl Giong (d Ninh Giang), Long Lang (d Tfl Kj^ ), Trin Ngpc Tfch (d Thanh Mi^n), Nguypt Thai, Ding Dai Cong, Pham Gia Phap, La Thi Lfldng (d Cim Giing) tinh Hai Dfldng. Tam Giang (d Vin Lim), Ong Due, Hflng Tfldng c5ng, Hoa Tien, Phfldng Dung, Mai Hoa (d Vin Giang), La Vin At (d Yen My) tinh Hflng Yen. Thanh Thien, Trfldng Sich (d Yen Dung), Do Thien, Minh Giang (Lang Giang), Dien Hong, Linh Giang, Linh Quang (d Hipp Hoi) tinh Bic Giang. A La, Rong Nhj, Dio Nfldng, Doan Cong, Trfldng Quan, Thip Bat Sdn, Con Nfldng, Di Cong, Nguyet Nfldng, Chieu Nfldng, Nga Nfldng, Lang Cong, Nghiem Cong, Dfldng Cong, Cugc hhfli nghla Yjiu Ba Tnmg. 13 Chieu Hi^u, Tinh Trai (d Gia Lfldng), Tam Quang, Tam Ngp, Vi Phap Hai, Di$u Tien, Quang Khanh, Ba anh em Dong Quan, Lieu Giap (d Tien Sdn), A Tic, A Di, T?i Thong, De Nfldng, Mpc Hoin Cong, Ding Dinh Hoin, Phit Nfldng, Hflng Bin, Thien Binh (d Thuin Thinh) tinh Bic Ninh. Tfldng quan hp Do d An Khe (Phu Dflc), Bat Nin, Ngpc Hing(d Duyen Hi), Kim Xa, Pham Khinh (d Hflng Hi), Cam Hoa (d Tien Hflng), Quang Cao, Dio Thi Phii (d Quj^ nh Coi), Qug' Hoa, Ngpc Hoa (d Vu Thfl), Dong Lang (d Thai Thuy) tinh Thai Binh. Le Thj Hoa, Chu Lien Hoa, Dung Nfldng, Phfldng Dung, Trin Cao Dao, Biii Cong Min, Dio Quy Nfldng, Hoing Dflc Cong, Do Thj Dung, Do Quang, Bach Ding, Cao Loi, Djch Triet, Cung Cai, Nguyet Thai, Nguypt Dp, Mai Thj Hong (d Vu Ban), Thuc Con, Phan Cung, Phan Lfldng (d thinh pho Nam Djnh), Tnnh Thi Cflc (d Nam Tri,tc) tinh Nam Dinh. Cao Thj Lien, Le Thj Hing Nghj (d Thanh Liem) tinh Hi Nam. Bi Chu Tfldc, VTnh Hoa (d Chfldng My), Chieu Trung, Do Ly, ChiSu Nfldng, Nguyin Hong, Nguyin Tuyen, Ong Bang (d tiTng Hoi), Ong Cai (d Thanh Oai), Hoing Dao, Do Ning Tg'(d Quoc Oai), A La (d Hoii Dflc), Hai Di§u, Nam Uyen, Sa Lang (d Dan Phflpng), Phiing Tii, Phiing Huyen, Thflpng Cit (d Phiic Thp), Dio Khang (d Thach Thi't), Qu^nh Hoa cong chiia (d Ba Vi), Dio Ky, Phfldng Dung, Thuy Hai, Ding Giang, Khong Chiing, VTnh Huy, Ta Dong Bang (d Dong Anh), Ba anh em hp Dio, Ning Quoc, Khoa Ba Sdn, Ong Dong, ong Hflu, Thinh Cong (d Gia Lam), Nguyin Tam Trinh, Ning Tfa (d Thanh Tri), Quach Lang, Dinh Bach Nfldng, Dinh Tfch Nfldng (d Tfl Liem), Dio Phfldng Dung, Dio Hien Hi^u, Dio Quy Minh (quin Dong Da), Lii Luy, Trin Nang, Hflng Bao, A Lfl Bach Trach, VTnh Gia Cong chiia (d Me Linh) viing Hi Npi. Nim mp con bi Le Thj Hoa d Nga Sdn Thanh Hoi... (8). Thien Nam ngU luc, sdd, tr. 87. (9). Dgi Viet sUky todn thU, T. I, sdd, tr. 156. (10). Dieu niy giai thfeh tai sao d mien Nam Trung Quoc cho dd'n nay vin con kha nhieu di tfch thd Trflng Trie. Sach Dgi Viet sii ky todn thU cho hay l i d di't cii thinh Phien Ngung (Quang Chau, Quang Dong) cung c6 den thd Trflng Trie (T. I, Ban djch di din, tr. 157). Hoi cuoi the ky XVIII, Ngo Thi Nhim da tflng den thim mieu Bi Trie (tflc den thd Trflng Trie) d phfa nam ho Dpng Dinh vi ghi lai trong cau thd: "TrUng Trdc kiem mang khai ddng phu" (Luai gUam da TrUng Trdc md mang dgng phu). Tham khao Tuyen tap tha vdn Ngd Thi Nhdm, Quyen I, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hi Npi, 1978, tr. 412-413. (11). Chiing toi ciing chfla ro cin cfl vio ngudn tfl lieu nio mi Nguyin Trai lai cho ring Trflng Vfldng dit ten nfldc l i Hflng L?LC (Pu dia chi trong Nguyen Trdi Todn tap. Ban djch, Nxb. Khoa hpc xi hpi, Hi Npi, 1976, tr. 215). (12), Cac nguon tfl lipu thfl tjch co, khao co' hpc, di tfch vi truyen thuyet phan anh kha thong nhi't khu \^^c ling Ha Loi xa Me Lnh, huyfn Me Linh l i kinh do cua Trflng Vfldng nim 40-43. Trong nhiing nim 1970-1980 ong Dinh Vin Nhit cho ring day l i viing di't mdi hinh thinh vi dan Ha Loi Me Linh dfldc di sang tfl ling Ha Loi goc nay thupc huypn Thach Thi't v i thinh Me Linh c6 thl Ii thinh Qudn thupc huypn Quoc Oai (Hi Npi). Tuy nhien gia thuyet niy khong d\la tren cd sd tfl li^u xic thflc nen khong c6 sflc thuyet phyc. (13). Dgi Viet sit ky todn thU, T. I, Ban djch da din, tr. 156-157. (14). Dgi Viet siky todn thU, T. I, sdd, tr. 157. (15). Le Ngo Cat, Pham Dinh Toai: Dgi Nam qudc sii dien ca, Song mdi xui't ban, 1972, tr. 56. (16). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chd, sdd, quyen 37, tr. 694. (17). Nim 1972, do co tim each chflng minh (sai) ring khong c6 thdi ky An Dfldng Vfldng trong ljch sii Vipt Nam, ciing khong c6 sfl kipn An Dfldng Vfldng da de mit nfldc Au Lac vio tay Tripu Di, Le Manh That di tfldng tflpng ra giai do i^n k6o dii tfl thud cac vua Hflng dflng nfldc Vin Lang cho 14 Rghi&i CUU Lich sfl. sg 3.2010 de'n Trflng Vfldng Ii thdi k^ nfldc ta hoin toin dpc lip. Theo tic gia, phai de'n khi trieu dinh TrUng Vfldng bj Ma Vipn danh b?ii, nfldc ta bj rdi vio ach thong trj ciia nhi Han, thi di'y mdi Ii sfl kipn md diu thdi ky Bic thupc cua Hch sii Vipt Nam. Si? tfldng tfldng niy l i qua di, thoat Iy h in ra khdi cic chflng cfl lich sii, v i nhfl the, da vo tinh phu djnh thinh qua hien nhien v i vo cflng vT dai cua cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng. (18). Theo ldi tau cila Ma Vien Ien Han Quang Vii thing 9 nim 43. Hdu Hdn thU, Nam Man truyen, Q 116, 6a. (19). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, quyen 37, tr. 656. (20). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, T. I, sdd, tr. 156. (21). Sau Ma Vien, ri't nhieu cac doin quan xam Ifldc tfl phfldng Bic sang danh chie'm nfldc ta theo dfldng Dong Bic diu chpn hinh thflc phoi hpp hai dao quin thuy bp vi phfldng thflc tie chie'n cua ta l i tim cich khong cho chung phoi hdp vdi nhau, CO lip chung mi tieu dipt tflng dao quan mpt. (22). Dd l i cac den thd nfl tfldng Le Chan d An Bien (npi thinh Hai Phong) v i An Bien (Dong Trieu Quang Ninh), Lpnh Ba, Chfnh Trpng d Quynh Cfl (An Hai, Hai Phdng), Hoing Dp d An Hoi (An Hai, Hai Phdng), vien quan lang hp Lo d Dong Ly (My Dong, Thuy Nguyen, Hai Phong)... (23). Hien nay vin cdn nhieu quan niem khic nhau ve diin bien ciia cupc khing chie'n chong quin xim Ifldc Dong Han cua Hai Bi TrUng. Mpt so tic gia cin cfl vio cau "Md Vien thdy vung ddt ndy (vflng Lang Bac) cao, mdi tii T&y Ly tien den dong ddn d do" (Sdd, tr. 695) de dfl doan c6 mpt tran Tay Vu d khu vflc Co' Loa trfldc tran Ling Bac d vilng doi tha'p thupc huypn Tien Du tinh Bic Ninh; hay Mi Vien sau thi't bai d Tay Vu mdi lui ve gifl Lang Bac (H.Masp6ro (1918), Dio Duy Anh (1957, 1964), Trin Quoc Vfldng (1963, 2001)...). Chung tdi chfla biet Tiy Ly cd phai la Tay Vu khdng vi sich Thuy kinh chu ngay trong doan vin tiep sau chdp c6 chdp de'n Tay Vu huyen, phan biet ri't ro Tay Vu v i Tay Ly (Ljch Dao Ng^iyen, Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr. 695). Gia sii Tay Ly cd bj chdp nhim l i Tay Vu di ching niia thi cung khong nhi't thie't Tay Ly trong doan vin tren phai Ii thinh Co' Loa vi dja bin huyen Tay Vu dong dan (cd 3 van 3 nghin hp) v i ri't rpng (nen nim 43 Ma Vipn mdi chia ra lim hai.huypn Ii Phong Khe vi Vpng Hai). Chung toi vin dfla theo 16 gich thong thfldng xfla nay de trinh biy diin bid'n cupc khang chien chong quan xam Iflpc Dong Hin cua Trflng Vfldng. Dd l i sau khi nhin thi'y khong the chin dflng dflpc quan giic d ciia bien Bach Ding, Trflng Vfldng di chu dpng lui quan vl gifl Lang Bac, rdi sau thi't thii d Lang Bac, Trflng Vfldng mdi lui vl chin djch d Cd Loa, Me Linh v i cuoi cflng mdi nit sang Ci'm Khe d ben hflu ngan sdng Hong. Nhieu sach nhfl Dgi Viet svC ky todn thU, Viet sd thdng gidm cUang muc cho chie'n trfldng Lang Bac thdi Hai Bi Trflng d pham vi khu viic Ho Tay (Hi Ndi) l i khong dung vdi thflc te', vi chic chin vio diu Cdng nguyen Ho Tay chfla hinh thinh vi khu vflc Ho Tay cung khong cd di'u tich chien trfldng chdng quin xam Iflpc Dong Han. H.Maspdro, Dio Duy Anh, Trin Quoc Vfldng di? doin chie'n trfldng Lang Bac d khu vflc phia dong Co' Loa, tflc Ii vung cic huy^n Tfl Sdn, Tien Du tinh Bic Ninh. Dinh Vin Nhit lai cho r ing chiin trfldng Ling Bac phai d vung triing Trung Ddng gin thinh pho' Bic Ninh. Moi quan diim deu khai thac kha tript di cac ngudn tfl lipu thfl tich vi nhflng die diim dia hinh tfl nhien ciia vflng Lang Bac nhfl vflng doi gd (Tien Du) hay vflng triing ngip lut (Trung Ddng). Tuy nhien dd ciing mdi chi l i nhflng gia thie't khoa hpc. Chiing tdi nhin nhin diin bid'n cua cupc khang chien chong quin xim Iflpc Ddng Hin cua Trflng Vfldng theo mpt Id gich khac nen cd cich giai thfeh khdng gioiig cac tic gia tren vl mpt vflng chid'n trudng Ling Bac. Vi'n dl cung cin phai dfldc tie'p tyc nghien cflu vi thao luin. Cugc hhfli nghla I^ ai Ba Tnmg. 15 (24). Lich Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr. 695; H&u Hdn thU, Q 54, Ma Vi^n truypn. (25). Sau niy chinh Ma Vipn di kl lai t im trang thflc ciia minh vdi bpn quan thupc: "Luc ta dang d gida miin Lang Bgc vd Tdy Ly, qudn gidc chUa dep yen, trdi thi dUdi nUdc lut, tren mdy mil, khi dgc bdc len ngun ngut, trdng len thdy diiu hdu duang bay bdng rai xudng nUdc chet". Trong hoin canh nhfl viy. Ma Vipn lien tfldng den vi td ra dong tinh vdi ldi khuyen ciia ngfldi em hp ring: "Ke si sinh ra d ddi chi cdn dn mac viia du, di cdi xe thdp, cUdi con ngUa gdy, ldm mgt chdc quan nho, song dUac d gdn nhd chdm soc mo md td tien, ldng mgc, duac khen Id ngUdi tdt, the Id dd rdi" (fjgu Hdn ky, Q 7). (26). Tfl lipu khao sat thflc dia ciia cin bp bp mdn Ljch sii Vipt Nam Co trung dai v i sinh vien khoi 24 (nim 1983). (27). Nhfl Ddng Bang d Gia Lpc (Dai Hflng, Ddng Anh) Thuy Hai, Ding Giang d Dai Vi (Hi Vi, Lien Hi, Ddng Anh), VTnh Huy d ling Co' Chau (Vin Hi, Ddng Anh)... (28). Trfldc diy cd ngfldi doin Ci'm Khe d huypn Lip Thach, tinh VTnh Phuc, nhflng nhfl t h l hoin toin khdng phfl hpp vdi Id gich ciia cupc khang chie'n. Gin day gidi sii hpc Vipt Nam cd khuynh hfldng ddng y vdi y kid'n ciia dng Dinh Vin Nhit cho ring Ci'm Khe d chin nui Ba Vi, huypn Thach Thi't, Hi Ndi. Chi djnh vj tri cua Ci'm Khe d hflu ngan sdng Hdng l i hpp ly, tuy nhien khoanh gpn Ci'm Khe trong khu vflc thung lung Suoi Ving d dfldi chin nui Ba Vi thi lai chfla thi t chinh xic. Ci'm Khd chic chin phai kdo dii tfl vflng chin nui Ba VT cho dd'n t in khu vi?c chfla Hfldng, My Dflc, Hi Npi dd cd diiu kipn noi thdng vdi Ciiu Chin. Di tfch vi truyin thuyd't cd lien quan den cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng d cic huyen Thach Thi't, Qudc Oai, Chfldng My, My Dflc (Hi Ndi) v i khu vflc dpc dai sdng Day di phan anh thflc te niy. (29). Dieu niy lai bj truyen thuyet din gian giai thfeh sai Ipch di l i trong khi thi't thd' d Ci'm Khe, Hai Bi Trflng chay v l Hat Mdn roi gieo minh xudng ddng sdng Hat tfl t in. Sich Dgi Nam qudc sd diin ca (da din, tr. 56) cung vi the mi chdp sai di ring: "Cdm Khi den luc hiem ngheo. Chi em thdt thdcUng liiu vdi sdng". (30). Ljch Dao Nguydn: Thuy kinh chd, sdd, Q 37, tr. 696. (31). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr. 696. (32). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr. 696. (33). Lich Dao Nguydn: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr. 696. (34). Vio thdi diem tnidc sau nhflng nim 70 ciia thd' ky XX, do chiu anh hfldng cua khuynh h fldng chinh trj cflc doan, d Trung Qudc xui't hi^n nhiiu bii viet "thd'i phdng B\f xam Iflpc ciia Trung Quoc doi vdi Vi^t Nam, vi'n dl Hai Bi Trflng khdi nghia vi Mi Vidn nam chinh dflpc nhi'n manh qua mflc". Mpt trong nhflng tic gia dd, dng Hoing Tranh da tflng vidt vio nim 1979 ring cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng chi Ii "cupc phan lo?n ciia gidi quy tpc chu nd vflng Giao Chi choiig lai triiu dinh phong kid'n hoi do vfldng triiu Ddng Hin tie'n hinh". Cung may mi dd'n nim 2005, dng di thinh thi t nhin ra nhflng sai lim cila minh vi khing djnh: "Hai Bi Trflng thflc sfl Ii nhflng ngfldi anh hflng ri't ding kfnh trpng trong long nhin din Vipt Nam hing nghin nim nay, khdng thl tuy tif n ha thi'p v i bdi nhp. Moi khi nghi tdi diiu niy, tdi liin cam thi'y trong ldng cd nhflng hd thpn vi bit an" (Vi vdn di Md Vien nam chinh Giao Chi, Bii phit biiu tai Hdi thao hpc thuit v l vin hoi ljch sil Ma Vidn do huypn Phdng Thinh, Quang Tay td' chflc thing 4 nim 2005).