Bài giảng Network+ Certification - Chapter 4, Networking Software

Chapter 4, Networking Software |1| Chapter Overview A. Network Operating Systems B. Network Clients C. Directory Services Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Network Operating Systems |2| 1. Windows NT and Windows 2000 A. MS-DOS–based Windows versions 1. Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 2. Microsoft Windows 95 3. Microsoft Windows 98 4. Microsoft Windows Me B. Windows NT was the first Windows operating system not based on the MS-DOS kernel. 1. Microsoft Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups were operating environments that ran on top of MS-DOS. 2. Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me still rely on the MS-DOS kernel. |3| 3. Windows NT was first released in 1993. a. Provides preemptive multitasking, which enables the system processor to run multiple programs simultaneously b. Integrates networking into the operating system |4| C. Windows NT versions 1. Workstation 2. Server D. Microsoft Windows 2000 versions 1. Professional 2. Server a. Supports up to four processors 3. Advanced Server a. Supports up to eight processors b. Microsoft Windows 2000 Server and Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server are, for the most part, functionally identical except for the number of processors they support. 4. Datacenter Server a. Supports up to 32 processors b. Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is a different product from Server and Advanced Server. 2 Outline, Chapter 4 Network+ Certification, Second Edition (1) Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is nearly always sold through Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) arrangements with computer hardware manufacturers. E. File systems |5| 1. File allocation table (FAT) a. Compatible with DOS-based operating systems b. The original version (FAT16) supports drives up to 2 GB only. c. FAT32 supports drives of virtually any size. d. Has limited security capabilities e. Supported by all Windows operating systems and others, including some UNIX variants |6| 2. NT file system (NTFS) a. Supports larger files and drives than FAT does (up to 2 TB) b. Provides increased security (file and folder permissions) c. Supported by Windows NT and Windows 2000, but not by MS-DOS–based operating systems F. Services 1. In Windows NT and Windows 2000 terminology, services are programs that run continuously in the background. 2. Provide most of the networking capabilities in Windows NT and Windows 2000 3. Equivalent of a daemon in UNIX and a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) in NetWare |7| 4. Windows NT and Windows 2000 mandatory networking services a. Server. Enables the system to share its resources, such as files and printers b. Workstation. Enables the system to access the shared resources on another computer c. Computer Browser. Maintains a list of the shared resources on a network that users can choose from d. Messenger. Enables the system to display pop-up messages about the activities on other network systems e. Alerter. Works with the Messenger service to notify selected users of administrative alerts that occur on the system f. Netlogon. Provides secure channels between computers running Windows for communications related to the authentication process |8| 5. Windows NT and Windows 2000 optional networking services a. Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS). Provides Internet services, such as World Wide Web and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers b. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS). Resolves Windows computer (NetBIOS) names into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses c. Domain Name System (DNS) Server. Resolves DNS host names into IP addresses Outline, Chapter 4 3 Network+ Certification, Second Edition d. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server. Automatically configures Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) settings on multiple client systems e. Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS). (1) Enables a server to route traffic between two local area networks (LANs) or between a wide area network (WAN) and a LAN (2) Provides support for various routing protocols f. Distributed file system (Dfs). Enables shared drives on servers all over the network to appear to clients as a single combined share g. Microsoft Cluster Server. Enables systems running Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Enterprise Server or Windows 2000 Advanced Server to operate as part of a cluster (1) A cluster is a group of servers that work together to provide increased performance and fault tolerance. G. Security 1. Security was a major reason for the departure from the MS-DOS kernel. 2. Windows NT and Windows 2000 can function as domain controllers. a. A domain controller stores information about accounts and other network resources. b. Clients can access this information from anywhere on the network. H. Clients 1. Windows NT and Windows 2000 servers support connections with most other client operating systems. 2. Microsoft Services for UNIX provides Windows/UNIX connectivity. 3. Microsoft Services for Macintosh provides Windows/Macintosh connectivity. 2. Novell NetWare |9| A. First commercially successful network operating system B. Formerly the network operating system market leader; now eclipsed by Windows C. NetWare is a pure client/server operating system. 1. NetWare traditionally used a simple character-based server interface. 2. Version 6.0 adds a graphical server interface similar in appearance to Windows. |10| D. NetWare versions 1. Version 3.2 a. Final version of bindery-based NetWare b. The bindery is a flat file user account database. 2. Version 6.0 a. Latest version of NDS–based NetWare b. NDS is an enterprise directory service that replaces the bindery. |11| E. NetWare was originally designed to provide file and print services to clients. 4 Outline, Chapter 4 Network+ Certification, Second Edition 1. UNIX was originally designed to provide application services. 2. Windows was designed to provide both application services and file and print services. F. NetWare’s server application support is relatively weak, when compared to Windows NT, Windows 2000, and UNIX. |12| G. NetWare file system 1. Uses name space modules to support multiple client file system formats 2. Provides individual file and folder security (like NTFS) |13| H. NetWare protocols 1. Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) protocols a. Developed specifically for use with NetWare b. Proprietary; owned by Novell c. Standards not furnished to the public I. NetWare services 1. NetWare includes a variety of optional services, including the following: a. Novell Storage Services (NSS) b. Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) c. NetWare Internet servers d. DNS and DHCP servers e. Multiprotocol WAN router 3. UNIX A. Generic term for an operating system that exists in dozens of variations |14| B. UNIX variants 1. UNIX System V 2. Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX 3. Sun Solaris 4. Linux 5. Hardware-specific variants a. HP-UX b. AIX (IBM’s Advanced Interactive Executive) |15| C. UNIX characteristics 1. Peer-to-peer operating system 2. Primarily a character-based interface 3. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are available, but are not as fully integrated as the Windows GUI. 4. The UNIX operating systems are built around the TCP/IP protocol suite. 5. Designed primarily as an application server 6. Not well suited to networks requiring heavy file and print services 7. Runs on various processor platforms 8. Based on the open source software concept 4. Macintosh |16| A. Original Macintosh networking Outline, Chapter 4 5 Network+ Certification, Second Edition 1. A network interface adapter is standard equipment in Macintosh computers. 2. Macintosh networking uses proprietary AppleTalk protocols. 3. AppleShare enables a Macintosh computer to function as a file and print server. 4. AppleTalk provides a slow, but functional, networking capability. |17| B. Current Macintosh networking 1. Uses EtherTalk and TokenTalk, which are Macintosh versions of Ethernet and Token Ring 2. Uses TCP/IP protocols C. Macintosh computers are rarely used as servers except on all- Macintosh networks. Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Network Clients 1. What Is a Client? |18| A. A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources. B. Client types include client applications and client modules. |19| 1. Client applications a. Separate programs that communicate with a server on the network b. Examples include Web browsers, FTP and e-mail clients, and newsreaders. |20| 2. Client modules a. Components integrated into an operating system b. Provide other applications with access to server resources 2. Windows Clients A. All current Windows versions contain client and server capabilities. |21| B. The client is the topmost component of the networking stack. 1. Networking stack layers a. Client b. Protocol driver c. Network adapter driver |22| C. Windows clients are also called redirectors. 1. Redirectors are operating system components that forward resource requests generated by an application to a server on the network. 2. Windows can run multiple client redirectors simultaneously. 3. Multiple redirectors can use different protocols. 3. NetWare Clients A. Novell NetWare is a server operating system, but a client is required for a computer to access the server. B. NetWare clients for Windows 6 Outline, Chapter 4 Network+ Certification, Second Edition 1. Computers running Windows can access NetWare using Microsoft or Novell clients. 2. Client Service for NetWare a. Included with Windows 2000 Professional and Windows NT Workstation |23| b. Provides basic NetWare connectivity using a redirector c. Must be used with the NWLink protocol d. Can function alongside the Client for Microsoft Networks module |24| 3. Gateway Service for NetWare (GSNW) a. Included with Windows 2000 and Windows NT Server b. Provides basic NetWare connectivity c. Must be used with NWLink d. Functions as a gateway that enables computers running Windows without NetWare clients to access NetWare resources |25| 4. Novell clients for Windows a. Included with Novell NetWare; available for free download b. Versions available for MS-DOS/Windows, Windows 95/Windows 98/Windows Me, and Windows NT/Windows 2000 |26| c. Novell clients include their version of the IPX protocol suite; they cannot use NWLink. d. Novell clients use Open Data-link Interface (ODI) network adapter drivers, but they also work with Windows Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) drivers. e. Novell clients provide additional advanced functionality, such as the ability to run the NetWare Administrator application. 4. Macintosh Client Capabilities A. The Macintosh operating system does not include Windows or NetWare client capabilities of its own. |27| B. Novell and Microsoft provide products that make Macintosh connectivity possible. 1. Microsoft Services for Macintosh a. Provides Windows client capabilities for Macintosh computers b. Does not enable Macintosh computers to share their resources with Windows 2. Novell Client for MacOS 3. Novell Native File Access for Macintosh C. The Macintosh operating system includes TCP/IP and Internet client programs that make UNIX connectivity possible. 1. FTP 2. Telnet |28| 5. UNIX Client Capabilities A. All UNIX operating systems include the standard TCP/IP clients, such as FTP and Telnet. Outline, Chapter 4 7 Network+ Certification, Second Edition 1. Any computer equipped with the basic TCP/IP clients can interact with any system running the server-side application. B. Requires additional products for client file system access 1. Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX a. Provides Windows with network file system (NFS) client and server capabilities b. Enables UNIX systems to access Windows files c. Enables Windows systems to access UNIX files Chapter 4, Lesson 3 Directory Services 1. What Is a Directory Service? A. A centralized database of user accounts B. May also contain other information about network resources C. Used for authentication of users |29| D. Flat file directories 1. Suitable for small networks 2. Difficult to maintain in a large enterprise E. Hierarchical directories 1. Support networks of almost any size 2. Typically include fault tolerance capabilities 3. Provide greater security |30| 2. The NetWare Bindery A. Used by NetWare in version 3.2 and earlier versions B. Is a database that consists of user and group accounts for a single server C. Each NetWare server has its own bindery. D. Users need a separate account on each server they access. 3. Novell Directory Services |31| A. Introduced in NetWare 4.0 B. Originally called NetWare Directory Services |32| C. Consists of objects arranged in a hierarchical structure 1. The directory hierarchy can be based on premise, such as the geographical structure of the network or the company’s organizational arrangement. 2. Permissions flow downward through hierarchy, just as in a file system directory structure. |33| D. Objects are logical entities that are composed of units of data called properties. E. Two types of objects 1. Container objects a. Equivalent of directories in a file system 8 Outline, Chapter 4 Network+ Certification, Second Edition b. Typically represent logical units created for the purpose of organization c. Can contain other container objects or leaf objects 2. Leaf objects a. Cannot contain other objects b. Typically represent network resources such as users, groups, applications, software, and hardware F. The directory schema specifies what types of objects exist in the directory and the relationships between them. G. The NDS directory can be partitioned and replicated. 1. Partitioning. Splitting the directory into pieces that are stored on different servers 2. Replication. Creating duplicate partitions on different servers H. NDS is a centralized directory that services an entire enterprise network. 4. Windows NT Domains A. Original directory service included with Windows NT version 4.0 B. Organizes the network into domains |34| C. Uses a flat file database, but is not server-specific like the NetWare bindery D. The directory is hosted on Windows NT servers called domain controllers. |35| 1. Primary Domain Controller (PDC) a. Contains the master copy of the directory database 2. Backup Domain Controller (BDC) a. Contains a replica of the master directory database, for fault tolerance purposes |36| E. The PDC propagates changes through single master replication. 1. Replicates changes made to the master database on the PDC to the copies on the BDCs F. Trust relationships 1. Enable communication between different domains 2. Must be created manually 3. Operate in one direction only |37| 5. Active Directory A. Introduced in Windows 2000 Server B. Hierarchical directory service based on Windows NT domains C. Expands the domain concept into the enterprise 1. Domains can be grouped into trees. 2. Trees can be grouped into forests. a. Domains in the same tree have bi-directional trust relationships created between them automatically, simplifying the administration process. Outline, Chapter 4 9 Network+ Certification, Second Edition 3. This organization enables Active Directory to support networks of virtually any size. D. Uses objects similar to those of NDS 1. Objects are composed of attributes. E. Objects and relationships are dictated by the schema, as in NDS. F. The directory database is still stored on domain controllers, as with Windows NT domains. 1. No more PDCs and BDCs; all Active Directory domain controllers are equals. |38| G. Propagates changes through multiple master replication 1. Changes can be made to the database on any domain controller and are replicated to all of the other domain controllers. |39| Chapter Summary A. The Windows NT, Windows 2000, and UNIX operating systems include both server and client functionality. B. Novell NetWare is strictly a client/server network operating system. C. Windows NT and Windows 2000 were designed to provide application services and file and print services. D. A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources. E. Client types include client applications and client modules. F. A directory service is a centralized database of user accounts and other information that administrators use to control access to shared network resources. G. Active Directory replicates changes to the data on any domain controller to all of the other domain controllers on the network.